Государство, гражданское общество истабильность 91

Research Article / Научная статья

УДК 347.77

DOI: 10.14258/SSI(2024)2-05

Infringement ofAI Intellectual Property Rights andLegal

Liability on e-Commerce Marketplaces: New Challenges

Anna V. Pokrovskaya

Intellectual Property Center “Skolkovo”, Moscow, Russia;

1142220181@pfur.ru, https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6473-2027

Abstract. is article investigates theintricate linkage between articial intelligence, intel-

lectual property, andthedigital commerce sector. It delves into AI algorithms’ profound impacts

on thelegal landscape. Inan era where businesses heavily rely on AI forduties varying from cus-

tom recommendations to fraud identication, theanalysis meticulously scrutinizes theinternal

workings ofthese algorithms andtheir implications forintellectual property rights within digital

commerce platforms. rough acomprehensive scientic study, potential pitfalls emerge, high-

lighting thedangers ofpossible copyright, trademark, patent, andtrade secret violations originat-

ing from AI-generated content. As theboundaries ofownership become increasingly ambiguous

due to theintricacy ofassigning accountability inAI-driven systems, developers andcreators face

thechallenge ofcomprehending andmitigating these risks. eanalysis illuminates theuncer-

tainties surrounding possession when AI assumes therole ofinventor, underscoring theurgent

need foraadaptable legal framework that can adjust to thepace oftechnological progress. ear-

ticle puts forth applicable recommendations to mitigate these risks, putting an emphasis on re-

sponsibility, principled innovation, andlegal conformity inthe face ofevolving technologies. By

connecting therealms oflaw andtechnology, this examination oers aholistic analysis ofthein-

fringements on AI intellectual property rights andthelegal obligations ofdigital commerce plat-

forms. It underscores thenecessity ofexible legal structures that can accommodate therapid

evolution ofAI, ensuring asymbiotic relationship between innovation andlegal adherence inthe

digital commerce domain. eresearch not only elucidates themultifaceted challenges that AI

presents but also provides strategic insights to navigate these intricacies with integrity andfore-

sight. rough its in-depth exploration ofAI’s impact on intellectual property within thedig-

ital commerce sphere, this article aims to equip stakeholders with a nuanced understanding

ofthelegal ramications andethical considerations inherent inAI-driven innovation. By oering

aroadmap fornavigating these uncharted territories, thestudy strives to foster aculture ofac-

countable innovation andlegal compliance inthe ever-evolving landscape ofdigital commerce.

Keywords: AI technologies, digital era, e-commerce, algorithms, AI-generated content, intel-

lectual property rights, online sphere

For citation: Pokrovskaya, A.V. (2024). Infringement ofAI Intellectual Property Rights andlegal

liability on e-Commerce Marketplaces: New Challenges. Society andSecurity Insights, 7(2), 91–103.

(InRuss.). doi: 10.14258/ssi(2024)2-05.

Society andSecurity Insights № 2 2024 92

Нарушение прав интеллектуальной собственности наИИ

июридическая ответственность наторговых площадках

электронной коммерции: новые вызовы

Анна Владимировна Покровская

ЦИС «Сколково», Москва, Россия;

1142220181@pfur.ru, https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6473-2027

Аннотация. Встатье исследуется тесная взаимосвязь между искусственным интеллек-

том, интеллектуальной собственностью исектором цифровой коммерции. Она посвящена

глубокому влиянию алгоритмов искусственного интеллекта на юридический ландшафт.

Внаше время предприятия взначительной степени полагаются наискусственный интеллект

для выполнения различных задач— отразработки индивидуальных рекомендаций довыяв-

ления мошенничества; встатье проводится подробный анализ внутренних механизмов ра-

боты этих алгоритмов иих последствий для прав интеллектуальной собственности врамках

платформ цифровой торговли. Благодаря всестороннему научному исследованию выявля-

ются потенциальные подводные камни, указывающие наопасность возможных нарушений

авторских прав, торговых марок, патентов икоммерческой тайны, связанных сконтентом,

создаваемым искусственным интеллектом. Поскольку границы собственности становятся

все более неопределенными из-за сложности распределения ответственности в системах,

управляемых ИИ, разработчики исоздатели сталкиваются спроблемой понимания исни-

жения этих рисков. Анализ показывает неопределенность, связанную с владением, когда

ИИ берет насебя роль изобретателя, подчеркивая настоятельную необходимость вадапти-

руемой правовой базе, способной подстраиваться под темпы технологического прогресса.

Встатье предлагаются рекомендации поснижению этих рисков, вкоторых особое внима-

ние уделяется ответственности, принципиальным инновациям иправовому соответствию

перед лицом развивающихся технологий. Соединяя сферы права итехнологий, данное ис-

следование предлагает целостный анализ нарушений прав интеллектуальной собственности

наИИ июридических обязательств платформ цифровой торговли. Подчеркивается необхо-

димость создания гибких правовых структур, способных учитывать стремительную эволю-

цию ИИ, обеспечивая симбиотическую связь между инновациями исоблюдением правовых

норм всфере цифровой торговли. Исследование нетолько проясняет многогранные про-

блемы, которые ставит перед нами ИИ, но ипредлагает стратегические решения, позволяю-

щие преодолевать эти сложности счестностью идальновидностью. Благодаря углубленному

изучению влияния ИИ наинтеллектуальную собственность всфере цифровой коммерции

эта статья призвана вооружить заинтересованных лиц тонким пониманием юридических

последствий иэтических соображений, присущих инновациям, основанным наИИ. Пред-

лагая «дорожную карту» для навигации поэтим неизведанным территориям, исследование

стремится сформировать культуру ответственных инноваций исоблюдения правовых норм

впостоянно развивающемся ландшафте цифровой коммерции.

Ключевые слова: технологии искусственного интеллекта, цифровая эпоха, электрон-

ная коммерция, алгоритмы, созданный искусственным интеллектом контент, права интел-

лектуальной собственности, онлайн-сфера

Государство, гражданское общество истабильность 93

Для цитирования: Покровская А.В. Нарушение прав интеллектуальной собственности

наИИ июридическая ответственность наторговых площадках электронной коммерции: но-

вые вызовы // Society andSecurity Insights. 2024. Т.7, №2. С.91–103. doi: 10.14258/ssi(2024)2-05.

1. Introduction

e rapid development ofAI technologies ine-commerce has changed theway

businesses work andinteract with their clients. Generally, with theopportunities to pro-

cess thelarge amounts ofinformation andmake smart decisions, AI has become amajor

disruptor ine-commerce. First, AI has changed thecustomer experience model.

Currently, e-commerce companies are using AI algorithms andother machine

learning approaches to analyze thebehavior patterns, preferences, andprevious inter-

actions to suggest personal recommendations. Such amodel allows to better under-

stand thecustomers andimprove andindividualize thesuggesting approach. Other,

AI isused to develop search engines that help to search theproduct andnavigate to

it more quickly. Finally, AI has helped inghting frauds. Basically, theinformation

technologies have enhanced therate oftheonline frauds andtheuse ofAI helps busi-

nesses to detect thepatterns andanomalies inthe user activity andidentify thepoten-

tial fraud. is stops thenancial frauds problems andthecustomers’ personal data

problems. en, AI helps inoptimizing theoperational processes. For instance, AI

algorithms monitor inventory processes andanalyze historical information to fore-

cast thefuture demand andstock therelevant amount oftheproduct, so thecompany

avoids losing money because ofthestock outs. Finally, AI supports innovations such

as chat bots andAI-driven virtual assistants that help inthe customer service. Gen-

erally, theAI development has provided thecompanies with new opportunities, but

there are also some new issues related to theAI implementation. Such issues as thein-

tellectual property andthelegal matters should be addressed andinnovated to provide

e-commerce thepromising future.

Methodology

In this study, the general scientic and special methods of cognition are used.

While the research question is examining AI technologies in e-commerce markets,

theintegral perspective ofanalyzing theconsequences ofAI on intellectual property

rights violation isconducted. erefore, adeep analysis ofthemechanisms ofusing

AI algorithms and machine learning models in the e-commerce platforms is need-

ed, the potential threats and weaknesses ofthe systems, and the legal consequences

to theunfolding ofsuch aws or abreach ofrights are to be known. emethodology

utilized inthis study implies theanalysis oftheevidence-based empirical material from

thescientic literature, judicial practice, andnormative legal acts. emethodology also

intends thethorough analysis oftheexisting legislation andpolicies referring to intellec-

tual property rights ande-commerce markets. Finally, being built on theinsights gained

from theprevious sections, thedata analysis, theassessment oftheexisting normative

base andpending problems, therecommendations section suggests thecomprehensive

list ofmeasures andinitiatives relevant to theexisting problems. erecommendations

target theelimination ofchallenges revealed inthe study, theenhancement ofhuman

Society andSecurity Insights № 2 2024 94

rights andfreedoms on thee-commerce area, setting thelegislation-based accountabil-

ity, andlegal responsibility ofall stakeholders involved.

2. eRole ofAI algorithms andmachine learning ine-commerce platforms

e functioning ofe-commerce could be impossible without theAI algorithms

and machine learning. e ability of these tools to process enormous amounts

of information, extract valuable insights, and generate intelligent predictions

and recommendations is what makes e-commerce personalized, ecient,

andprotable. For instance, it has already been mentioned that they provide thebasis

fortherecommendation system, which isconsidered theprimary customer engagement

tools (Khrais, 2020). AI algorithms andmachine learning can also assist incustomer

segmentation to maximize the eect of targeted advertisements. By evaluating

thepurchasing history andbehavior on theplatform, machine learning algorithms can

distinguish customers by their purchasing patterns based on their behavior, allowing

forhighly customized andattractive oers. AI algorithms also dramatically improve

thefunctionality ofsearching theplatform. By evaluating large amounts ofdata on each

product inthe database, it can show accurate search results andminimize customers’ time

spent searching. It not only increases customer engagement andretainment andmakes

thecustomer experience more enjoyable, but also economic, as it takes less money to

keep theservers running. Another interesting implementation oftherecommendations

system is dynamic pricing. By considering demand, competition, and consumer

sentiments, companies using AI and machine learning can scale their revenues to

areasonable price, tailoring asale to their community, andincreasing product demand.

Furthermore, AI algorithms are used for fraud prevention and detection

in e-commerce platforms. Based on analyzing the transaction-based data, machine

learning models can spot andag certain data points or patterns as being more likely

to be a fraudulent purchase or an unauthorized login attempt (Vergne, 2020). is

allows e-commerce platforms to implement strong protection measures, mitigate

nancial losses andsecure good reputation among both clients andsellers. Other than

that, AI algorithms serve other roles ine-commerce platforms as well— namely, those

are inventory management andsupply chain optimization (Lingam, 2018). Based on

the historical sales, sales forecasts and other factors such as seasonality and market

trends, machine learning models can predict the future demand fora product. is

allows thee-commerce platform to minimize inventory levels andget rid ofstockouts

andoverstocking issues, thus, helping to reduce costs. AI algorithms can also be used

forcustomer support andservices. Chatbots andvirtual assistants powered by thenatural

language process andmachine learning can handle user inquiries, queries as well as

provide suggestions and prompts. ese assistants can respond in real-time and are

highly responsive to messages, which makes them asuitable companion inproviding

customer services. Lastly, AI algorithms are ideal for image and video recognition

ine-commerce platforms (Gochhait et al., 2020). With thehelp ofthecomputer vision

soware, they can analyze and tag product images automatically, extract the most

relevant features andenable thevisual search.

Государство, гражданское общество истабильность 95

3. Mitigating Risks ofAI Intellectual Property Infringement

3.1. Challenges in determining accountability and gauging comprehension

inAI-generated materials

Safeguarding inventors andrights holders inthe electronic age. Fostering innova-

tion andcreativity through fair handling ofideas isimperative forsustained economic

growth. As online marketplaces andecommerce platforms dominate commerce, gov-

ernance should ensure intrinsic protections forintellectual property remain intact. Pol-

icies uphold various rights like copyrights, trademarks, patents, andindustrial secrets.

Ecommerce platforms facilitate transactions between sellers andconsumers, serving as

intermediaries through their digital venues. Content ownership becomes blurry as ar-

ticial intelligence that powers language models andgenerative systems may uninten-

tionally copy expressions. Platforms walking theline between enabling AI applications

andcurbing pilfered works. Striking aprincipled balance merits consideration anddis-

cussion (Grover & Teng ,2001). To develop trust andpromote safe andlegal commerce,

online builders must create new strategies andprocedures to address concerns related to

aseller’s or trader’s infringement ofintellectual property rights.

Aside from notice andtakedown schemes (Kumar et al., 2021), e-commerce plat-

forms are equipped with avariety ofother technologies to tackle copyright violations

andsafeguard theinterests ofcontent creators. Content ltering technologies can be

used to automatically discover andblock theupload or sale ofright’s-infringed materials

(Tan et al., 2021). Inany case, companies may align themselves with copyright collection

societies to solve theintricacies oflicensing androyalty management forthem.

E-commerce platforms have asystem inplace fordisciplineing multiple infringers

ofintellectual ownership. Penalties can escalate, or enforcement measures can increase

on sellers who committed more than one violation. egoal isthesame as previously—

e-commerce platforms aspire to provide asafe andsecure location to facilitate transac-

tion while protecting theconsumer’s andright-holder’s interests.

Intellectual property policies fore-commerce platforms need to incorporate meas-

ures to guarantee transparency andaccountability. Platforms are required to have pro-

cesses andprocedures forreporting violations andmust have open information to its

consumers andstakeholders. ey must establish intellectual property dispute resolu-

tion mechanisms andregularly update thepublic on thenumber andoutcomes ofsev-

eral takedown requests andthetype ofenforcement actions taken as measures to ensure

transparency.

In summary, intellectual property policies are fundamental frameworks forpro-

tecting therights ofcontent creators andother rights holders. ough collaboration

andadherence by both players, these policies can help inthe creation ofaourishing

andsustainable digital marketplace that integrates innovation, creativity, andeconomic

development growth. It is, therefore, vital fore-commerce platforms to strike aperfect

balance between establishing proper spaces forlegitimate commerce andenforcing in-

tellectual property rights. Firms are required to create policies andenforcement meas-

ures that help address intellectual property infringement concerns to foster thenotion

oftrust andsecurity as well as growth.

Society andSecurity Insights № 2 2024 96

3.2. Content ltering technologies foridentifying infringing content

Content ltering technologies are digital means used by e-commerce platforms to

determine andprevent theexistence ofinfringing content uploaded or oered forsale

(Pokrovskaya, 2023). e technologies, using various methodologies, analyze theup-

loaded content andcompare it with other known copyrighted works or other forms

ofintellectual property. epurpose ofcontent ltering technologies isto detect poten-

tially infringing conceptual or literal content before it ispublished or oered to thepub-

lic or other users oftheplatform. econceptual approach ensures that copyrighted

material isnot distributed unauthorizedly.

ere are dierent approaches forcontent ltering, andthe following are some

examples (Lyu et al., 2020): hash algorithms that help to compute aunique digital le in-

formation known as ahash out ofacopyrighted document andcompare with theguard

document or what has been uploaded to theplatform. Image recognition or music recog-

nition algorithms, imitating le metadata analysis, could be used forcomparing image

copyrights or video recognition.

e methods, which are presented above, are all realistic and achievable

forthecontent ltering approach. Most platforms combine some ofthemethodologies

to reach thebest possible accuracy for copyright detection. Moreover, some schemes

are used foreither discovering positive or negative matches by thesystem. Whitelis-

ting andblacklisting can be combined together to compare if it isauthorized or not.

Whitelisting compares thecontent hash made from thele to thehash list ofthesame

les that are authorized or not. Blacklisting compares content with thehash ofaknown

le that isnot authorized.

In addition to the methods that are described, other methods are also used.

eplatforms also invest inthe improvement ofthemethodologies to increase theaccu-

racy ofthedetection systems. All these methods are not apermanent solution, as thelaw

ischanging andnew ways to infringe are being created. at isthereason why plat-

forms invest heavily inresearch forimprovements. eplatforms always have asecond

thought about thepositive match ofan infringement andalways can appeal thedecision

to ban content to thecreator. All ofthis helps to thebasis ofdigital copyright inthe

e-commerce sector to be instep with modernity andeective.

4. Emerging Technologies andFrameworks

4.1. erole ofblockchain inintellectual property rights protection

It has been explored as apotential tool to improve theenforcement ofintellectual

property rights forblockchain technology. edecentralized andsecure nature ofadis-

tributed ledger makes them well–suited for addressing some of the challenges asso-

ciated with theimplementation ofIPR, such as copyright infringement or counterfeit

goods. For starters, blockchain allows the creation ofan immutable ledger, meaning

once details concerning intellectual property ownership, licensing, or patent application

isrecorded on theblockchain, it can be any changed or modied aerward without de-

tection (Xiao at al., 2020). is can provide irrefutable proof ofownership andprevent

unauthorized usage oftheproperty.

Государство, гражданское общество истабильность 97

Smart contracts are used by several other key blockchain features, self–executing

deals with thecontract’s provisions directly into code (Hewa at al., 2021). Smart con-

tracts can also be used to automate contractual enforcement on intellectual property,

such as licensing or distribution, which eliminates intermediaries from transaction ne-

gotiations anddecreases therisk ofconict andboth sides fail to meet their obliga-

tions. Another opportunity forblockchain istheestablishment ofdecentralized systems

fortheprotection andmanagement ofdigital content. Storing details associated with

digital creation or copyrighted material on this kind ofblockchain gives content creators

robust evidence ofownership andhelps them regulate andmonitor use anddistribu-

tion. Such protection will assist inidentifying andpreventing unauthorized distribution

andguarantee afair distribution ofroyalty.

Blockchain can disrupt the counterfeit market by creating an unchangeable

andtrackable record ofthesupply chain (Negi et al., 2021). For example, the block-

chain may capture theprovenance, production, andmovement ofaproduct. As are-

sult, thebuyer andtheauthorities respond to theauthenticity oftheproduct to make

thedetection offake items more ecient. euse ofblockchain technology isphysically

impossible to prevent inbattling counterfeit goods.

Blockchain can simplify IP licensing andauthorization management. edecen-

tralized database oflicenses andauthorizations signicantly decreases transaction costs

while enhancing transparency inthe process ofpermits issuance andwithdrawal. Block-

chain can help streamline thecumbersome process ofissuing an authorization based on

permitting access at alower risk expense andwithout theright holder challenging illegal

use conditions.

chain-based platforms (Singh & Rishi, 2020). A timestamp on apiece ofartwork stored on-

line veries thesaid work. Creators offunds may use this as adefense inany infringement

case by “proving” that they released their creation before thealleged infringer, although

theactual timestamp does not need to be correct. Blockchain can also be applied to ob-

tain potential rights andresolve disputes. Smart contracts allow theparties to determine

clauses which activate automatic payments when aparty does not fulll its obligations,

reducing thecosts offullling thelaw to reduce litigation expenses.

us, to sum it up, blockchain technology provides avariety ofbenets interms

ofintellectual property rights, such as unrepealable recording, usage for smart con-

tracts, management andmarketing ofdigital rights, monitoring ofroyalty distribution,

copyrighting, fake prevention, anddispute resolution. Consequently, blockchain can be

used to improve opportunity andtrust forcreators andrights holders.

5. Case Studies

While articial intelligence technologies’ integration continues to rapidly transform

entire industries inunexpected ways, creating both promising opportunities andunfore-

seen legal challenges, particularly regarding intellectual property rights anddetermining

liability in novel marketplace contexts such as complex global e-commerce platforms.

ecombinatorial eects ofarticial intelligence technology’s expanding computational

Society andSecurity Insights № 2 2024 98

capabilities andtraditional concepts ofintellectual property ownership andlicensing re-

main unclear forbusinesses, innovators, andlegal professionals alike as these elds evolve

together at an accelerating pace. A more sophisticated andnuanced understanding ofhow

potential infringement ofintellectual property rights by or relating to AI systems may

threaten principles offair competition, protection ofinnovation, andrespect fortherule

oflaw underlying thedigital economy issorely needed.

e Legal Precedent ofDexCom Inc. v AgaMatrix1. emedical device rm Dex-

Com sued AgaMatrix innovation forpatent infringement ofintellectual property right

regarding raise glucose monitoring. It also asserted that AgaMatrix had plagiarized its

technologies inthe Articial Intelligence algorithms applied inits device. Inthehealth-

care system, thecourt ruled inDexCom’s favor, implying that protecting intellectual

property rights linked to AI technologies might be challenging.

Apple Inc. led alawsuit against Samsung Electronics Co2. forpatent claim viola-

tion innumerous countries. Apple claimed that several ofSamsung’s device character-

istics, including thevoice assistant, andcomputer-imaged oriented on AI, all infringed

upon Apple’s intellectual property rights. is instance illustrates thecomplexity ofen-

forcing intellectual property rights inthe sector ofAI andmobile devices.

A landmark lawsuit was led by Oracle against Google due to thealleged copyright

infringement3. Google used a Java programming language while developing the An-

droid OS. eprimary dispute was whether theuse ofJava APIs by Google was a“fair”

use or infringement. is case has complicated more details regarding thelimitation or

extension ofAI-related intellectual property claims andfair use as well as thesoware

industry ingeneral.

e copyright claim case between two dominant online platforms forsmall video

sharing, TikTok andTriller4, TikTok was charged with utilizing its AI source code to

parse through Triller’s video content andcreate comparable content. elawsuit depicts

amore pressing challenge forlaw inmaintaining an internet content protection regime

against issues revolving around technology andthelaw. ecritical questions being,

when andhow legal systems will adapt to technology advancement?

ese case studies have illustrated thecomplex relationship between AI technolo-

gies, intellectual property rights, andlegal liabilities inthe fast andevolving landscape

ofe-commerce marketplaces. More signicantly, these cases have highlighted thecrit-

ical importance of protecting intellectual property is the digital era and concocting

thenumerous legal challenges ofAI innovation.

6. Results

e investigation into theencroachment ofmachine intelligence legal rights andac-

countability on digital marketplaces exposed an illuminating series ofcore ndings that

1 Dexcom, Inc. v. Agamatrix, Inc., Case No.: 2:16-cv-5947 SJO (ASx) (C.D. Cal. Feb. 23, 2018).

2 Apple, Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co., Case No. 11-CV-01846-LHK (N.D. Cal. Jun. 19, 2015).

3 Google LLC v. Oracle Am., Inc., 141 S. Ct. 1183, 209 L. Ed. 2d 311 (2021).

4 Triller,Inc.v. Bytedance Ltd. et al. (W.D. Tex. 6:20-CV-693) (Nov. 24, 2020).

Государство, гражданское общество истабильность 99

illuminated themodern landscape andimpending repercussions ofAI-propelled inno-

vations inthe realm ofintellectual property.

e inquiry uncovered that computational models have radically overhauled

theorigination, distribution, andsafeguarding ofintellectual property ine-commerce

settings. Algorithmic protocols play apivotal part incontent formation, product evolu-

tion, anddecision-making procedures, thereby redening time-honored notions ofin-

tellectual property possession andprotection.

e examination discerned avast range ofdiculties andopportunities stemming

from themounting reliance on AI on electronic commerce platforms. While AI-driven

progress presents unprecedented eciency andscalability, they also pose intricate law-

ful andethic problems regarding intellectual property rights andliability.

e research underscored thenecessity to elucidate ownership andaccountability

frameworks inlight ofAI-spawned intellectual property. As computational systems auton-

omously fashion content andinventions, existing legal norms face an urgent need forad-

aptation to accommodate thenovel abilities andobstacles introduced by AI technologies.

e analysis emphasized theimportance offostering collaboration between stake-

holders to address the evolving intersection of machine intelligence and intellectu-

al property. By engaging policymakers, legal experts, AI developers, ande-commerce

marketplaces in dialogue and cooperation, the research highlighted the potential

forgroundbreaking solutions andbest practices to navigate thecomplexities ofAI-pro-

pelled intellectual property.

e conclusions oftheresearch suggest thenecessity forpolicymakers to proactive-

ly address thelegal andregulatory gaps arising from AI’s impact on intellectual property

ine-commerce markets. Clear guidelines andframeworks are essential to ensure robust

protection ofintellectual property rights while fostering innovation andcompetitive-

ness inthe digital economy.

In summation, theresults ofthestudy underscored thetransformative power ofAI

inreshaping intellectual property landscapes within e-commerce environments. By elu-

cidating thechallenges, opportunities, andpolicy implications ofAI’s inuence on intel-

lectual property, theresearch provides valuable insights forstakeholders seeking to nav-

igate thedynamic intersection ofAI technology andlegal frameworks inthe digital age.

7. Discussion

In thee-commerce marketplaces context, theinfringement ofAI intellectual property

rights andlegal liability issues present additional challenges. us, given thewidespread

use of AI technology, complexities such as ownership, inventorship, attribution,

andcopyright require comprehensive solutions andperspective actions agreed upon by

theinvolved participants. erefore, to meet these challenges andovercome these issues,

it is essential to develop standards and best practices. us, the AI-generated works

intellectual property rights best practices will alleviate thesituation by providing clear

andcoherent insights into this complex issue regarding determining intellectual property

rights. Furthermore, licensing andagreement mechanisms should be enhanced to ensure

fair compensation. Eventually, theinvolved parties should collaborate to develop licensing

Society andSecurity Insights № 2 2024 100

frameworks as they commercialize anduse AI-generated inventions andcontent. is

will enable dening thenegotiation terms on therevenue share, attribution stipulations,

andusage limitations. Sharing knowledge andinvolvement ofexpertise isalso crucial.

It implies that AI developers andrights holders should share their information to fully

understand theissue andnd thesolution. Proactive measures will be integrated into

AI systems to achieve responsible AI system use. is includes implementing an ethical

framework and human oversight. Also, research and development should continue

enhancing thesolution to thedescribed problem.

Governmental andinter-governmental legislative andregulatory measures are also

important inthe context ofAI intellectual property. One ofthemost important func-

tions ofgovernments andinternational bodies inthis eld istheestablishment ofalegal

basis regulating AI intellectual property rights. is basis shall consist, among other

things, oflaws andregulations that dene thenew dimensions ofAI-generated works

forintellectual property rights. It iscrucial to fully appreciate thediverse perspectives on

some foundational issues by considering existing legislation. A key consideration relates

to determining thelegal status ofAI systems, which inuences how rights andduties

are dened within intellectual property. Standardizing intellectual property laws across

jurisdictions also warrants examination.

e speed of AI development far outpaces the ability of current legislation

andregulation to address technological challenges. Harmonized standards promoting

simplicity andcooperation could help remedy this imbalance. Moreover, specialized

dispute resolution mechanisms focusing specically on AI intellectual property rights

may prove more suited than prolonged general legal processes. Expert arbitration pan-

els andmediators could expedite matters concerning AI andintellectual property.

All involved groups require awareness of responsibilities and vulnerabilities.

Policymakers, businesses, inventors and the public must understand implications.

Public-private partnerships could stimulate sharing knowledge andpractices to fuel

innovation. Collaboration may also facilitate international norms and guidelines

forresponsible, ethical AI use.

In summary, AI intellectual property poses intricate diculties necessitating

varied tactics. Legislation, arbitration, acculturation and cooperative networks all

have important roles in incentivizing progress, ensuring accountability and prior-

itizing ethics throughout AI technology advancement. Without proactively address-

ing interrelated legal, social andtechnical issues, equitable treatment, responsibility

andmoral application ofAI cannot be guaranteed.

8. Conclusion

erefore, it isobvious that thegrowth ofarticial intelligence inthe e-commerce

marketplaces confronts new challenges concerning signicant, substantive violations

oftheintellectual property rights andcorresponding legal liability. epresent article

illustrates that thebroad potential ofAI algorithms andmachine learning systems to

substantially transform thee-commerce marketplaces has theeect ofimproving user

interaction andoperational eciency results inserious issues oftheutilization ofAI

Государство, гражданское общество истабильность 101

without respecting intellectual property rights. As such, e-commerce marketplaces face

complex legal surrounding theintellectual property rights ofAI, andit seems obvious

that they need to be proactive to reduce therisks ofutilization ofAI technologies andin-

fringe on their rights. eaim can be achieved using AI governance anddue diligence

ofmarketplaces andensuring thefair treatment mechanisms. Finally, e-commerce mar-

ketplaces, AI developers, andlegal experts must continue to collaborate to ensure theset

requirements. Only inthe case ofutilizing an ethical AI-use framework, e-commerce

can grow inthe future andmeet thechallenges andbetter understanding ofAI.

Regulatory issues concerning intellectual property include thefollowing:

•Deciding who owns theintellectual property produced by AI might be dicult. It

has sparked the question of whether AI itself can develop original work and who

has theauthority to claim ownership. Inventorship: As seen, AI systems are capable

ofcoming up with creative andbrilliant ideas andoutputs. is raises theissue ofwho

should take credit fortheinvention ofAI-produced inventions.

•e patentability standards may need to be revised to reect AI-created inventions.

Existing requirements ofhuman invention andnon-obviousness may need to be mod-

ied to accommodate AI intervention.

•Comparable to patents, there has been adebate about whether AI systems may be con-

sidered theauthors oforiginal works. erefore, clear regulations outlining copyright

ownership andprotection must be inplace.

•AI systems make independent choices, andit might be dicult to link legal respon-

sibility fortheir consequences. Determining whether accountability can remain with

theAI system, creators, or users iscomplicated,

•e AI system’s nondisclosure andnon-transparency issues may make it challenging

to be responsible forusing it’s missteps. is iseven more concerning inareas ofsever-

ity such as health andself-driving cars.

•AI systems are dependent on gathering andusing substantial amounts ofpersonal

information. However, consent isamust priority andcan be dicult during practice.

Importance ofEthical considerations: Legal culpability must address any ethical as-

pects such as equality, discrimination, andbias ofAI judgment outcomes. Developers,

as well as enterprises, are required to be held accountable forcreating andoperating

equitable AI systems.

•Policymakers andlegal experts are developing frameworks andregulations. ey at-

tempt to maintain adelicate balance between protecting intellectual property, sup-

porting legal accountability, andencouraging more responsible AI practices. Active

collaboration ofgovernments, industries, andacademia isessential to address theAI

intellectual property rights andlegal liability landscape as per our rapidly shiing en-

vironment’s needs. It iscrucial that AI developers, e-commerce platforms, andrights

holders take theinitiative andactively cooperate to tackle thechallenges ofintellectual

property andliability during theera ofAI.

Society andSecurity Insights № 2 2024 102

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INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHOR / ИНФОРМАЦИЯ ОБ АВТОРЕ

Anna V. Pokrovskaya— Postgraduate student oftheLaw Institute, Department ofCivil

Law andProcedure andPrivate International Law, Moscow, Russia. Expert ofpatent

practice national phases, Intellectual Property Center “Skolkovo”, Moscow, Russia.

Анна Владимировна Покровская— аспирант юридического института, кафедры

гражданского права и процесса и международного частного права, г. Москва,

Россия. Эксперт патентной практики понациональным фазам РФ, ЦИС «Скол-

ково», г. Москва, Россия.

Статья поступила вредакцию 20.05.2024;

одобрена после рецензирования 10.06.2024;

принята кпубликации 10.06.2024.

The article was submitted 20.05.2024;

approved after reviewing 10.06.2024;

accepted forpublication 10.06.2024.