Society andSecurity Insights № 2 2024 156

Обзорная статья / Review Article

УДК 376.2

DOI: 10.14258/SSI(2024)2-09

Система образования детей сограниченными

возможностями здоровья как объект научного исследования

Ильдар Закиевич Гимаев

Институт стратегических исследований АН Республики Башкортостан, Уфа, Россия;

gimaev@yandex.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-5139

Аннотация.      

       . -

  — , , , ,  -

       ,

  ,    -

.    -  

         

.    ,    -

       150   

   ,    --

      . 

       

 — ,  ,   , -

     -.

Ключевые слова:  ,  ,  , -

,  

Финансирование:      «-

          -

   ».

Для цитирования: Гимаев И.З. Система образования детей сограниченными возможно-

стями здоровья как объект научного исследования // Society andSecurity Insights. 2024. Т. 7,

№2. С.156–168. doi: 10.14258/ssi(2024)2-09.

Социальные, культурные, исторические исследования ибезопасность 157

e Education System ofChildren with Disabilities as an Object

ofScientic Research

Ildar Z. Gimaev

Institute ofStrategic Studies AS oftheRepublic ofBashkortostan, Ufa, Russia;

gimaev@yandex.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-5139

Abstract. earticle updates theproblems ofcreating an educational environment forchil-

dren with disabilities. Since theend ofthe19th— beginning ofthe20th centuries, theissues ofstud-

ying andorganizing special education inRussia forchildren with psychophysiological disorders

have been ofasystematic theoretical, methodological andapplied nature. Well-known Russian

scientists — teachers, defectologists, neurologists, physiologists, psychologists — have been

andcontinue to study thenature andessence ofchildhood diseases that impede full development,

education andsocialization insociety. Inhis research, theauthor tried to summarize thehistorical

andtheoretical-methodological experience ofRussian pedagogical thought andthespecic con-

tribution ofscientists andspecialists to thestudy ofchildren’s inclusion. enovelty ofthestudy

lies inthe fact that theproblems ofstudying andorganizing special education forchildren with

disabilities over thepast 150 years are presented through pedagogical theories andpractices that

served as thebasis andtheoretical andmethodological basis ofthemodern system ofinclusive ed-

ucational space. earticle attempts to revive interest inthe interdisciplinary science ofthecom-

plex development ofchildren— pedology, which, inthe author’s opinion, has been undeservedly

consigned to oblivion andwhich has recently received attention from modern research scientists.

Keywords: children with disabilities, Russian pedagogy, special education, pedology, inclusive

space

Financial Support: thearticle was prepared within theframework ofthestate task “Social

problems ofimproving thequality oftheeducational environment forchildren with disabilities

inschools oftheRepublic ofBashkortostan”.

For citation: Gimaev, I.Z. (2024). TheEducation System ofChildren with Disabilities as an Ob-

ject ofScientiﬁc Research. Society and Security Insights, 7(2), 156–168. (InRuss.). doi: 10.14258/

ssi(2024)2-09.

Введение

      -

   , ,     ,

      .   «

  » 212 .   

 « »,     

       -

1.       -

      

1 Об образовании в Российской Федерации: Федеральный закон от 29.12.2012 № 273-ФЗ

(последняя редакция) / СПС «КонсультантПлюс». URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_

doc_LAW_140174/ (дата обращения: 04.03.2024).

Society andSecurity Insights № 2 2024 158

       -

  - .     

      

   ,     

      

  ,    -

   ()  , 

     .

     

      -

, -,    . 

     1%   

 .  ,   2   

  .   

       -

. -,    .   -

       . 

    ,  

     . 22

.    12.  ,  5% , 

219 .1       -

   . -,   

     , 

     ,  -

     , 

   .

Результаты

       XIX.

    ..  (1746–1827),  -

      , -

   .        -

      ,

     (, 218).

     -

        

     .     .

         -

    :  — 7–8- . XX .,

 — 9- . XX .   (, 216).

1 Статистика о детях с ОВЗ в России в 2023 году: данные и тренды. URL: https://

investim.guru/obzory/statistika-o-detyah-s-ovz-v-rossii-v-2023-godu-dannye-i-rendy?utm_

referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F (дата обращения: 04.03.2024).

Социальные, культурные, исторические исследования ибезопасность 159

       

      

  . 198 .     

      

    ,  1917 .    

  . 1918 .   -

       .

     ,  -

   .

  XIX—  XX .    -

     

  дефектологии ипедологии.   

        

,    , ,  -

.   —  , , -

  . .  (1888–1934).   

.     ,     , 

  «»  ,   -

 .     (, ,

,  .)   ,  ,

      -

,    ;   

    ;   

      -

  .     

       -

—   ,     «-

,  » (, 216).    

    ;  

   ,  

   ;    -

    —   

     ,  

  ,    -

 .

       

,   ,   -

,        

  .      

   - , , 

   . -  -

,   ,  

  (, 212).

Society andSecurity Insights № 2 2024 160

  2–3- .  .    , 

   ,    -

.         

 .,   . .  (1857–1927), . .  (1884–1941), . . -

 (1896–1934), . .  (187–1943), . . (186–192) .

   ,   -

-     -

 .

Теория комплексного подхода к изучению ребенка . .  — -

  , , ,   

   . -   -

    ,  -

   . . .   2   -

   ,    

-  .    

      -

   ,     

 .      -

    («   

  »),    

 . . .    -

    .   -

    . .    .

 : «    » (199); «-

  .      »

(1911); « » (1912); «   »

(1913); «  -   -

» (1916); «     

  » (1916); « - » (1917); «

   » (1926) (, 216).

Методика психолого-педагогической коррекции и коррекционно-воспита-

тельного воздействия     . . -

.     ,  

       

  .    -

 ,      -

  ,      . -

-  . .    

 ,     -

 ,     

  (, 22).    -

 « »,     «

».      «-

Социальные, культурные, исторические исследования ибезопасность 161

 »   - ,  «-

 :     », -

     «» 

1993 ., «-  » ( . . ),

 1914 . (, , 218).

Метод экспериментального исследования личности,   -

 ,   , , -

    . . .  

  ,     -

    . . .   -

       -

 ,     .

. .      

       -

,        

.     . .  -

  ,  ,    -

  .      « 

 »,  196 1922 .— «   -

     ».   -

   «   

      »

(1911),  . .    -

 .  ,      

   «    »

(1914),    — «  

 » (1917).      -

-   .   

. ., «    ,  

       -

  ,    -

…» (, 191).

      

     . .. 

теории аномального развития ребенка,    -

 ,    ,  

  .      -

      .  

      , -

  ,      

  .  . .     -

         -

-     :

Society andSecurity Insights № 2 2024 162

  ,  -

  ,    ,  -

  .. . .      ,

,       -

 .      ,  

       -

      (,

1996).   : «    

 » (1935), « » (1995), « -

» (1935), «    » (1932) .

     -

,      ,

      -

  XX .     -, -

, , .

Целостный антропологический подход,  -,

,   . .  (1874–1838).  «-

  :   

 »     

 . . . ,   -

 ,  . .,    -

      -

 .   . .   ,  

      

 ,   .   -

  ,  ,  «»,

      

  .    . .    -

    ,  

  .

Метод естественного эксперимента . .  (1874–1917)— ,

,      «  

», « », «  »,

« ».      

   ,   -

   . . .    -

     ,  -

,  ,   .  

 ,   . 

      

   .   

. .     

(, 21).

Социальные, культурные, исторические исследования ибезопасность 163

  ,    

 ,     

 -.

   -  -

  . .  (1875–1932)   « -

     .   

 -  »  -

   ,   

    .  . .-

   ,     -

  .

. .  (1866–1934)— -, 

 .  -   -

   .   

        

 .     .

      

   XX .    

      -

      

,    .   -

   ,    .

   XX .    -

   -     

       .

     

    

.        -

     ,  -

 ,     

,      (, 218).

 - ,   -

 XIX .,      -

   ,    -

      .  

     ,

  ,     -

   15    .  

 197-—  198- .     

        

   (, 1997).

 198-    ,    -

     

Society andSecurity Insights № 2 2024 164

    .    -

  Формирование иразвитие речевого слуха иречевого общения удетей

снарушением слуха,    -

. .  (, 212).

 198–199- .    -

    ,   -

      XX .,   

    (, 26).

 -     -

     , 

      . . , . . -

— .. .       

 ,      (,

215).    - 

   ,  --

  ,     -

. Дефектологию   ,  

       () -

 ,  коррекционная педагогика —  -

 ,      -

   ,  

,     -

 -  ,   -

      (, 29).

 « »  1988 .  . .,

       -

     --

 . -  

      

 . . , . ., . . , . . ,

. .  (, 29).

Заключение

 XX .     ,  -

    ,    , 

      --

       

      -

 .  2- .  - -

   —    -

 ,  , ,  

       

 ,   -

Социальные, культурные, исторические исследования ибезопасность 165

   . -  

   ,  

 ,     

 ,  . . , . . , . .-

, . . ( ., 213).    -

       -

  ,    

       -

   .

      -

      -

         -

  .    

() ,    (-

)      —  -

 —      ,   

  (, 218).   -

      ,

, -, -,  

-     -

    .

СПИСОК ИСТОЧНИКОВ

 . .     //  -

     :  -

. : - , 212. 22 .

 . .    , -

   , 1917–1941  //  .

      —

 ( 188- —193- ). ., 212. . 435–493.

 . .      -

 //   . 1996. . 1, 4. . 5–18.

 . .,  . .,  . .   .

.: , 29. 278 .

 . .,  . .      :

. .    //   .

218. . 3, 4. . 44–51.

 . .      // -

 X     «

 ». 218. URL: https://scienceforum.ru/218/article/21827 (

: 29.2.224).

Society andSecurity Insights № 2 2024 166

 . .      -

     . 216. URL: http://

qps.ru/3cAq ( : 29.2.224).

 . .   //  -

. 21. . 3,  2. . 87–98.

 . .   : ,  -

 //   . 218.  9.

 H. H.      -

       -

   // . 1997.  6. . 3–1.

 . .      -

. :  , 218. 88 .

 . .  () :  -

  //  . .:  . 29.  3.

 . .   : , 

  //  . 212.  5. . 13–19.

 . .     -

        . .:

. . , 191. 16 .

 . . . .      -

     //   -

-     -

. 216.  2. . 84–88.

 . . . .      -

   // - .

22.  2 (22). .56–67.

 . . - : , ,

 // - . 215.  1 (1). .

1–22.

 . .  . :  :   

   . .: , 26. 384 .

 :   .  . . -

 /  . . . . .: , 213. 385 .

REFERENCES

Alyokhina, S. V. (212). Development ofinclusive education inRussia. In: Inclusive ed-

ucation ofchildren with disabilities: status andprospects. Ufa: Izd-vo BGPU. (InRuss.).

Balashov, E. M. (216). Policy inthe eld ofschool, vocational andsecondary special ed-

ucation, 1917–1941. In: Schedule ofchanges. Essays on thehistory ofeducational andsci-

entic policy inthe Russian Empire— USSR (late 1880s— 1930s). Moscow. (InRuss.).

Социальные, культурные, исторические исследования ибезопасность 167

Vygotsky, L. S. (1996). eproblem oflearning andmental development at school age.

Psychological science andeducation, 1(4), 5–18. (InRuss.).

Goneev, A. D., Lintseva, N. I., Yalpaeva, N. V. (29). Fundamentals ofcorrectional ped-

agogy. Moscow: Academy. (InRuss.).

Kashchenko, T. L., Piloyan, M. G. (218). At theorigins ofcorrectional education inRus-

sia: V. P. Kashchenko andhis teaching experience. Journal ofHistorical Research, 3(4),

44–51. (InRuss.).

Kryuchkova, D. A. (218). Some problems ofinclusive education inRussia. In: Materials

oftheX International Student Scientic Conference “Student Scientic Forum”. https://

scienceforum.ru/218/article/21827. (InRuss.).

Kutepova, E. N. (216). History ofthedevelopment ofinclusive education forchildren with

disabilities inforeign countries andRussia. http://qps.ru/3cAq. (InRuss.).

Lazursky, A. F. (21). About anatural experiment. Experimental psychology, 3(2), 87–

98. (InRuss.).

Maksimova, N. A. (218). Inclusive education inRussia: history, status andrisks. Peda-

gogical education inRussia, 9. (InRuss.).

Malofeev, N. N. (1997). Strategy andtactics ofthetransition period inthe development

ofthedomestic system ofspecial education andthestate system ofassistance to children

with special problems. Defectology, 6(3), 3–1. (InRuss.).

Muller, O. Yu. (218). Implementation ofinclusive education inconditions ofnetwork in-

teraction: educational method. Surgut: ICof SurGU. (InRuss.).

Nazarova, N. M. (29). Integrated (inclusive) education: genesis andproblems ofimple-

mentation. Bulletin ofMoscow State Pedagogical University. Ser.: Pedagogy andpsychol-

ogy, 3. (InRuss.).

Perevoznikova, I. V. (212). Special education inRussia: history, modernity andlegal

foundations. Bulletin oftheTSPU, 5, 13–19. (InRuss.).

Rossolimo, G. I. (191). General characteristics ofpsychological proles ofmentally handi-

capped children andpatients with nervous andmental illnesses. Moscow: I. N. Kushnerev

andK. (InRuss.).

Snegireva, K. L. (216). V. M. Bekhterev on theprevention andcorrection ofdeviations

inthe development ofchildren ofearly andpreschool age. Current problems ofpsycho-

logical andpedagogical support forchildren with disabilities, 2, 84–88. (InRuss.).

Smirnova, L. V. (22). V. P. Kashchenko andhis contribution to thedevelopment ofdo-

mestic defectology and special pedagogy. Correctional pedagogical education, 2(22),

56–67. (InRuss.).

Smirnova, L. V. (215). Correctional pedagogical education: history, traditions, moder-

nity. Correctional pedagogical education, 1(1), 1–22. (InRuss.).

Sorokova, M. G. (26). M. Montessori system: theory andpractice: A textbook forstu-

dents ofhigher educational institutions. Moscow: Academy. (InRuss.).

Nazarova, N. N. (Ed.). Special pedagogy. Moscow: Academy. (InRuss.).

Society andSecurity Insights № 2 2024 168

ИНФОРМАЦИЯ ОБ АВТОРЕ / INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHOR

  —   ,  

      

, . , 

Gimaev Ildar Zakievich— Cand. Sci. (Sociology), leading researcher at theInstitute

ofStrategic Studies, Academy ofSciences oftheRepublic ofBashkortostan, Ufa, Russia.

Статья поступила вредакцию 23.05.2024;

одобрена после рецензирования 07.06.2024;

принята кпубликации 07.06.2024.

The article was submitted 23.05.2024;

approved after reviewing 07.06.2024;

accepted forpublication 07.06.2024.