Vascular plant species of Turukhansky Raion and Evenkiysky Raion (Krasnoyarsk krai, Russia)
2 Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, 33 Leninsky Avenue, Moscow, 119071, Russia
3 8 Second Microdistrict, Bor, Turukhansky Raion, Krasnoyarsk Krai, 663246, Russia
4 Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems SB RAS, 10/3 Academichesky Avenue, Tomsk, 634055, Russia
5 Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center”, 50/28 Academgorodok St., Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
6 Astafyev Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University, 89 A. Lebedeva St., Krasnoyarsk, 660049, Russia
7 Geobotany Section, Institute of Earth System Science, Leibniz University of Hannover, 2 Herrenhäuser St., Hannover, D-30419, Germany
This paper presents the first inventory of vascular plant species occurring in the Turukhansky and Evenkiysky municipal districts (raions) of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. The checklist was compiled from published sources, observations from the iNaturalist platform, and herbarium materials, primarily collected within the Central Siberian Biosphere Nature Reserve, Tunguska Nature Reserve, and, partly, the Putorana Nature Reserve, as well as adjacent areas. Both native and alien (adventive) species are included, with the latter comprising 76 species, reflecting the comparatively low level of anthropogenic disturbance in the region. The checklist also identifies species occurring at the northernmost or southernmost limits of their distribution in the study area. It includes 60 species listed in the Red Data Book of Krasnoyarsk Krai, seven of which are also included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation. In total, 1,316 species (including 13 hybrids) belonging to 383 genera and 88 families have been recorded across the two raions, including 771 species in Turukhansky and 1,171 in Evenkiysky. The higher species richness of the Evenkiysky Raion is associated with its substantially larger area (nearly four times that of Turukhansky) and its more complex landscape structure, comprising both lowland and mountainous terrain and, consequently, supporting a greater diversity of vegetation.
Introduction
Krasnoyarsk Krai is the second-largest federal subject of Russia, covering an area of 2.37 million km². Only the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), with an area of 3.08 million km², is larger. However, whereas Yakutia extends for about 2,000 km from the Arctic in the north only to the middle taiga subzone in the south, Krasnoyarsk Krai, also beginning in Arctic latitudes, spans not only the entire taiga zone but also extends southward into the Altai–Sayan mountain region. This makes it not only the most latitudinally extensive region (nearly 3,000 km), but also the most floristically rich region of Asian Russia. According to our estimates, approximately 3,200 vascular plant species occur in the region.
Krasnoyarsk Krai is administratively divided into 41 municipal districts (raions), most of which are relatively small and located in its southern part. More than three-quarters of the territory lies north of 60° N and belongs to three northern raions: Taimyrsky, Turukhansky, and Evenkiysky.
The flora of the northernmost Taimyrsky Raion has been studied relatively well, owing to the long-standing interest of Russian researchers in the Arctic (e.g., Tolmachev 1932a, 1932b, 1935, Tikhomirov 1948, Matveeva and Zanokha 1986, 1997, Pospelov and Pospelova 2021, 2025 Pospelova and Pospelov 2002, 2007, etc.). In contrast, the Turukhansky and Evenkiysky Raions, largely confined to the relatively homogeneous northern and middle taiga subzones, remain among the least floristically studied regions of Russia (Seregin et al. 2024).
Relatively detailed studies are available only for a few areas, including the southwestern part of the Putorana Plateau (Malyshev 1976), the surroundings of the Mirnoye Biological Station on the Yenisei River (Kuvaev et al. 2001), and the territories of several nature reserves: the Central Siberian Biosphere Nature Reserve (Scherbina 2009), the Tunguska Nature Reserve (Vasilyev et al. 2003, Timoshok et al. 2008c, 2012a, 2012b), and, to a lesser extent, the Putorana Nature Reserve (Pospelov and Pospelova 2021). An important source of the most up-to-date information (including data not available elsewhere) for the northern parts of the Turukhansky and Evenkiysky Raions, particularly within the Putorana Plateau, is the online portal “Flora of Taimyr” (Pospelova and Pospelov 2007–2026).
The Turukhansky Raion covers an area of 211,200 km² (Municipal entity… 2026) and is slightly larger than the Republic of Belarus, despite having a population of fewer than 13,000 people, distributed among 34 settlements. The district extends from north to south along the Yenisei River. Along the left bank of the Yenisei River lie the southern part of the Nizhneyenisei Upland, the Turukhansk Lowland, and the Verkhnetaz Upland. On the right bank of the Yenisei River, the Turukhansky Raion includes the southwestern spurs of the Putorana Plateau, the western part of the Tunguska Plateau, and the northern extremity of the Yenisei Ridge. The Turukhansky Raion is dominated by lowland, waterlogged landscapes with minor elevation differences and a mean elevation not exceeding 150 m a.s.l.
The Evenkiysky Raion, or Evenkia, is approximately three and a half times larger than the Turukhansky Raion, covering 757,600 km² (Evenkiysky district 2026), and is comparable in size to Turkey. Despite this, it comprises only 23 settlements, with a population only slightly exceeding that of the Turukhansky Raion. Evenkia has a similar north–south extent but is somewhat wider west–east. The eastern sector of the Putorana Plateau occupies its northern part. At the same time, to the south lies the Central Siberian Plateau, represented here by several of its constituent units (e.g., the Syverma Plateau, Tunguska Plateau, Central Tunguska Plateau, Zaangara Plateau, etc.). In terms of relief, Evenkia is a typical plateau region (mean elevations of 400–500 m a.s.l.) dissected by deeply incised river valleys.
In 2024, a checklist of the flora of Asian Russia, compiled by a large team of authors (Chepinoga et al. 2024), was published. The checklist applies a modern phylogenetic classification, incorporates updated nomenclature, and includes recent floristic records. However, species distributions were characterized using the rather coarse regionalization adopted in the “Checklist of Flora of Asian Russia: Vascular Plants” (Baikov 2012), in which the vast territory of Asian Russia was divided into 13 provinces. The territories of the Turukhansky and Evenkiysky Raions were assigned to three botanical provinces: the Siberian Arctic–Hyparctic, the Tunguska–Lena Boreal, and the Altai–Yenisei Mountain–Hemiboreal. At the same time, no comprehensive account of the floristic diversity of the Turukhansky and Evenkiysky Raions has been available to date.
Shortly after the publication of the 2024 checklist, a new project, “Flora of Asian Russia 2.0”, was launched. Whereas the first version of the checklist primarily involved taxonomists specializing in particular groups, the new project places a stronger emphasis on regional experts on local floras. In this project, species distributions are intended to be presented at the level of administrative regions (krais, oblasts, republics, and autonomous okrugs) or their subdivisions. Accordingly, Krasnoyarsk Krai has been divided into four regions: the first three correspond to the Taimyrsky, Turukhansky, and Evenkiysky Raions, while the fourth includes all remaining southern parts of the krai. The present study provides the first synopsis of the flora of the Turukhansky and Evenkiysky Raions (Fig. 1).
Materials and methods
In compiling the floristic synopsis, we considered all available data published in the scientific literature, online resources, and information on as yet unpublished records of species new to the Turukhansky and Evenkiysky Raions. Some records are based on observations available on the online platforms iNaturalist (http://www.inaturalist.org) and Plantarium (https://www.plantarium.ru/).
The nomenclature and taxonomic circumscription of plant species follow the checklist of vascular plants of Asian Russia (Chepinoga et al. 2024). Relevant synonyms can be found in this source. Therefore, only selected synonyms are provided in the present synopsis. Further information on these can be found in international databases such as the International Plant Names Index (IPNI; https://ipni.org/) and Plants of the World Online (POWO; https://powo.science.kew.org/).
The arrangement of families also follows Chepinoga et al. (2024), i.e., families are grouped into the classes Lycopodiopsida, Polypodiopsida, Pinopsida, and Magnoliopsida, ordered according to a phylogenetic system, within which families are arranged alphabetically. Genera and species are likewise listed in alphabetical order. Interspecific hybrids lacking binomial names are placed at the end of the respective genera.
The repositories of cited herbarium specimens are indicated by acronyms of collections registered in the Index Herbariorum (Thiers 2026): MW, KRF, KRAS, KRSU, LE, NSK, TK. For unregistered collections, the following abbreviations are used: CSNR – Herbarium of the Central Siberian Biosphere Nature Reserve; IM-CES – Herbarium of the Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; and TNR – Herbarium of the Tunguska Nature Reserve.
Results and discussion
An annotated list of vascular plant species was compiled from a floristic inventory of the flora of the Turukhansky (TUR) and Evenkiysky (EVEN) Raions. In the list, we identify taxa included in the Red Data Books of the Russian Federation (Geltman 2024) (**) and Krasnoyarsk Krai (Stepanov 2022) (*), as well as taxa occurring in the study area at the southern (↓) or northern (↑) limits of their distribution in Middle Siberia.
| Class | Turukhansky Raion | Evenkiysky Raion | Total flora | Hybrids (taxa) | Alien (spp.) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fam | Gen | Sp | Fam | Gen | Sp | Fam | Gen | Sp | |||
| Lycopodiopsida | 2 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 2 | 5 | 9 | – | – |
| Polypodiopsida | 12 | 14 | 32 | 12 | 16 | 37 | 12 | 17 | 43 | – | – |
| Pinopsida | 3 | 5 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 1 | – |
| Magnoliopsida | 71 | 297 | 724 | 71 | 325 | 1115 | 71 | 355 | 1254 | 12 | 76 |
| Total | 88 | 321 | 771 | 88 | 352 | 1171 | 88 | 383 | 1316 | 13 | 76 |
The clear predominance of Poaceae, Asteraceae, and Cyperaceae among the largest families is generally typical of Holarctic floras (Table 2). However, the prominence of Cyperaceae in the flora of EVEN indicates its affinity to the arctoboreal East Asian floristic type (Cyperaceae-type; Khokhryakov 2000).
Among the largest genera (Table 3), Carex and Salix are the most species-rich, which is generally characteristic of the northern floras of Middle Siberia. At the same time, the higher diversity of genera such as Potentilla, Draba, Saxifraga, Pedicularis, and Astragalus in EVEN emphasizes the more montane character of this territory and its stronger floristic connection with the Arctic and Subarctic.
| Rank | Family | Turukhansky Raion | Evenkiysky Raion | Total flora | Hybrids (taxa) | Aliens (spp.) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gen | Sp | Gen | Sp | Gen | Sp | ||||
| 1 | Poaceae | 29 | 66 | 34 | 123 | 37 | 133 | 3 | 5 |
| 2 | Asteraceae | 37 | 79 | 44 | 113 | 46 | 131 | 1 | 14 |
| 3 | Cyperaceae | 8 | 60 | 6 | 119 | 8 | 124 | 3 | – |
| 4 | Rosaceae | 18 | 49 | 20 | 56 | 21 | 75 | 2 | 4 |
| 5 | Ranunculaceae | 13 | 44 | 13 | 62 | 14 | 68 | – | – |
| 6 | Brassicaceae | 14 | 21 | 22 | 58 | 24 | 65 | – | 8 |
| 7 | Caryophyllaceae | 11 | 32 | 10 | 48 | 12 | 53 | – | 6 |
| 8 | Fabaceae | 9 | 26 | 8 | 47 | 8 | 50 | – | 3 |
| 9 | Polygonaceae | 6 | 28 | 9 | 40 | 10 | 47 | – | 6 |
| 10 | Salicaceae | 2 | 23 | 2 | 39 | 2 | 41 | – | – |
| 11 | Orobanchaceae | 6 | 13 | 6 | 31 | 6 | 33 | – | – |
| 12 | Ericaceae | 9 | 18 | 10 | 29 | 10 | 29 | – | – |
| 13 | Juncaceae | 2 | 13 | 2 | 24 | 2 | 26 | – | – |
| 14 | Lamiaceae | 12 | 18 | 11 | 22 | 13 | 27 | – | 5 |
| 15 | Orchidaceae | 10 | 16 | 12 | 21 | 13 | 24 | 1 | – |
| 16 | Apiaceae | 15 | 16 | 16 | 19 | 19 | 22 | – | 2 |
| 17 | Saxifragaceae | 4 | 7 | 4 | 21 | 4 | 21 | – | – |
| Total | 205 | 529 | 229 | 872 | 249 | 969 | 10 | 53 | |
| Rank | Genus | Turukhansky Raion | Evenkiysky Raion | Total flora (spp.) | Hybrids (taxa) | Aliens (spp.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Carex | 45 | 100 | 102 | 2 | – |
| 2 | Salix | 21 | 37 | 38 | – | – |
| 3 | Poa | 11 | 25 | 27 | 1 | 2 |
| 4 | Potentilla | 10 | 16 | 23 | 1 | 3 |
| 5 | Ranunculus | 15 | 21 | 22 | – | – |
| 6 | Draba | 3 | 20 | 20 | – | – |
| 7 | Pedicularis | 7 | 18 | 19 | – | – |
| 8 | Rumex | 8 | 15 | 17 | – | 1 |
| 9 | Juncus | 8 | 14 | 16 | – | – |
| 10 | Elymus | 11 | 15 | 16 | – | – |
| 11 | Alchemilla | 12 | 6 | 16 | – | – |
| 12 | Artemisia | 8 | 11 | 14 | – | – |
| 13 | Silene | 5 | 13 | 14 | – | 1 |
| 14 | Viola | 13 | 12 | 14 | – | 1 |
| 15 | Astragalus | 4 | 12 | 13 | – | – |
| 16 | Hieracium | 5 | 13 | 13 | 1 | – |
| 17 | Stellaria | 9 | 12 | 13 | – | 1 |
| 18 | Potamogeton | 10 | 10 | 13 | – | – |
| 19 | Polygonum | 8 | 12 | 12 | – | – |
| 20 | Saxifraga | 4 | 12 | 12 | – | – |
| Total | 217 | 394 | 434 | 5 | 6 | |
The considerable latitudinal extent of the study area has resulted in the occurrence of numerous species reaching either their southern (122 species) or northern (163 species) distribution limits within the investigated territory. Based on the currently available distribution maps (Seregin 2026), five principal chorological groups can be distinguished in the studied flora:
- Predominantly boreal species, concentrated mainly in the southern part of the territory (Carex falcata, Dianthus superbus, Scorzonera radiata, etc.);
- Arcto-alpine and hypoarcto-montane species, occurring in mountain areas both in the northern and southern parts of the districts (Dryas grandis, Pedicularis amoena, etc.);
- Hypoarctic, boreal, and plurizonal species, distributed throughout the study area (Carex acuta, Poa palustris, Elymus subfibrosus, etc.);
- Meta-arctic and Arctic species, recorded only in the northern part of EVEN (Potentilla hyparctica, Astragalus umbellatus, etc.);
- Species with insufficiently known distribution, represented by isolated records.
Of the 1316 species recorded in the cumulative flora, 60 species are included in the Red Data Book of Krasnoyarsk Krai (Stepanov 2022), of which 7 species of Orchidaceae and Orobanchaceae are also listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (Geltman 2024). The relatively small number of alien species is noteworthy and may reflect the comparatively low anthropogenic pressure on the vegetation, owing to the remoteness and poor accessibility of many parts of both districts. Nevertheless, the proportion of alien species is higher in TUR (8%) than in EVEN (3.7%), which is likely related to the more developed transport network in the former, particularly navigation along the Yenisei River and its major tributaries.
Annotated species list
The following is the complete checklist of vascular plants recorded in the Turukhansky (TUR) and Evenkiysky (EVEN) raions. Symbols: * – Red Data Book of Krasnoyarsk Krai, ** – Red Data Book of the Russian Federation, ↓ – southern limit, ↑ – northern limit in Middle Siberia.
Conclusion
This study presents the first inventory of the vascular flora of two of the least explored regions of Russia – the Turukhansky and Evenkiysky municipal raions of Krasnoyarsk Krai. The cumulative flora comprises 1316 species (including 13 hybrids) belonging to 383 genera and 88 families. A total of 76 species were recorded as alien. The flora of the Turukhansky Raion includes 771 species, of which 39 species are reported on the basis of previously unpublished herbarium specimens and personal observations. The flora of the Evenkiysky Raion includes 1171 species, of which 73 species are newly reported for the district. The substantial difference in floristic richness between the two raions is explained by their different geographical extent and, above all, by the markedly different landscape diversity of the territories they occupy.
Acknowledgements
The study of Yu. G. Raiskaya was funded by the state under order FWRG-2026-0007 "Space-time variability of Siberian ecosystems and forecast of their development under impacts of different genesis" (reg. No. 1023032700195-3-1.5.1). The study of L.V. Krivobokov was funded the state under order FWES-2024-0028 "Biodiversity of Siberian forests: ecological-dynamic, genetic-selection, physical-chemical and resource-technological aspects" (No 124012900557-0).
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