Introduction
Chiastocheta Pokorny, 1889 is a small genus of Anthomyiidae of Palaearctic origin. The main important publications on morphology and taxonomy of Chiastocheta are the following:
- W. Hennig (1953) described several European species of Chiastocheta and illustrated male genitalia of considered species;
- J.E. Collin (1954) provided circumscription of the genus and identification key for British species of Chiastocheta;
- V. Michelsen (1985) revised two species of Chiastocheta described by J. W. Zetterstedt in the 19th century. After this revision the generally accepted understanding of the species belonging to Chiastocheta has remained unchanged;
- D.M. Ackland (2021) offered the key for British Chiastocheta in present understanding and gave the best drawings of male genitalia of considered species.
Species of Chiastocheta may be rather easily distinguished from other Anthomyiidae by the following set of characters (see Fig. 4):
- remarkably small Anthomyiidae with body length about 4 mm;
- one of a few representatives of the Anthomyiidae family with dichoptic eyes in males;
- species with remarkably short antenna (both postpedicel and pedicel) and narrow, almost linear cheeks.
However, the best diagnostic character of Chiastocheta is its peculiar biology: imagoes live, feed (on nectar and pollen), copulate and lay eggs exclusively in flowers/fruits of Trollius L. (Ranunculaceae, Adonideae) species. So, if one observes/finds small greyish flies on Trollius flower (Fig. 3) at various stages of flowering, the vast majority of them would be Chiastocheta.
Chiastocheta larvae also feed on Trollius seeds inside the fruits. As a result, the plants receive reliable cross-pollination, but lose a significant part of the seeds, so in this particular case the border between mutualism and parasitism is rather vague. Classical works on interaction between Chiastocheta and Trollius europaeus L. were published by O. Pellmyr (Pellmyr 1989; Pellmyr 1992). Basing on Chiastocheta egg morphology (obtained from herbarium specimens) and original field material fetched in Trollius europaeus populations in NE Finland O. Pellmyr put forward several bold hypotheses, one of which is evaluated in this article:
- as a result of Chiastocheta–Trollius co-adaptation and mutualism almost each species of Trollius has its own specialized pollinator. Trollius europaeus is a proved exception since several species of Chiastocheta participate in the interactions with the European globeflower simultaneously.
Since Pellmyr had unconditional trust in the names on the herbarium labels, a significant part of his assumptions proved unfounded and the phylogeny of the genus Trollius proposed (Pellmyr 1992) is irrelevant (Serebryanyi and Fedorova 2025; Serebryanyi and Fedorova 2026). Nevertheless, his works remain the most important source on Chiastocheta–Trollius co-adaptation, mutualism and co-evolution.
There were only two publications on Russian fauna of Chiastocheta: based on studies carried out on Sakhalin Island (Suwa 2013) and in Novosibirsk vicinity (Central Siberian Botanical Garden of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences territory (Nartshuk et al. 2020)). Besides, four Chiastocheta species collected in Saint Petersburg Region by A. Stackelberg were mentioned without details in one of those publications (Nartshuk et al. 2020).
We gathered and analysed available data on the distribution of Chiastocheta in Russia and added the results of our 2026 field work. The outcome of the analysis is presented here as an original synopsis of Russian fauna of Chiastocheta (I); our view on taxonomy of Palaearctic species of Chiastocheta (II); simple identification key with new illustrations (III); problematic cases in the taxonomy and ecology of this genus (IV).
Materials and methods
The specimens examined are deposited in Zoological Museum of Moscow University, Russia (ZMUM).
Geographical coordinates are given in the decimal degrees format. The following generally accepted abbreviations for morphological structures are used: f1, t1, f2, t2, f3, t3 = fore-, mid-, hind- femur or tibia respectively; a, p, d, v = anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral seta(e).
Illustrations are original unless otherwise credited.
When referring to figures, to avoid confusion we capitalize the first letter (Fig. or Figs.) for those appearing in this paper and use lowercase (fig. or figs.) for those published elsewhere.
Material collection took place in the Baikal Nature Reserve on the N macroslope of the Khamar-Daban Ridge (Kabansky District, Republic of Buryatia, Russia), between June 23 and July 5, 2026. A hybrid population of Trollius asiaticus × T. chinensis (T. bargusinensis Sipliv.) on the bank of the Chumovoy Creek located in SW proximity of the Chum science point was studied. This interspecific hybrid has a vast distribution range in South Siberia and predominates in the Baikal Nature Reserve territory (Serebryanyi and Fedorova 2025). We divided the plot into five sites, each measured 5 × 5 m. For each site, the number of flowers was counted, the leaf material for molecular genetic research was collected. Insects were collected almost daily from flowers and plants using an aspirator and sweep-netting. Not only the focus flies were collected, but also all the other flower visitors. In addition, the laid eggs were counted.
Results
I Synopsis of Chiastocheta in Russia
The present synopsis is based on Chiastocheta specimens examined by the authors personally, along with data on Chiastocheta considered in previous publications. Species are listed in chronological order by date of description. Brief comments on two European species never reported for Russia (Ch. lophota Karl, 1943 and Ch. setifera Hennig, 1953) are given.
Chiastocheta inermella Zetterstedt, 1837 — Figs 5–9, 14, 18
Chiastocheta trollii Zetterstedt, 1845. In early publications (Hennig 1953; Collin 1954), Ch. inermella was treated under this name. Following the revision of the Anthomyiidae described by J. W. Zetterstedt (Michelsen 1985), the species is accepted here as Ch. inermella (Ackland 2021).
Chiastocheta latispinigera Fan, Chen et Jiang, 1982, syn. nov.
Material examined. Altai Republic: Ulagan District, 6 km NE of Djulukul Lake, 50.53°N, 89.77°E, 2650 m, from Trollius altaicus C.A. Mey., 16.07.2026, O. Kosterin leg., 1♂. Buryatia: Baikal Nature Reserve, N macroslope of the Khamar-Daban Ridge, 21 km E of Tankhoi, 51.527°N, 105.411°E, 1250 m, from Trollius asiaticus × T. chinensis hybrid, 2–3.07.2026, A. Savchenko and I. Solodkii leg., 3♂. Moscow Region: from T. europaeus: Volokolamsk District, 55.972°N, 36.029°E, 20.05.2026, N. Vikhrev leg., 1♂; Moscow, Stroginskaya floodplain, 55.79°N, 37.43°E, 21.05.2026, A. Savchenko and B. Serebryanyi leg., 1♂. Novosibirsk Region: Akademgorodok (= Novosibirsk Academic Town), 54.824°N, 83.104°E, from Trollius asiaticus, 2.06.2026, O. Kosterin leg., 14♂; also see Nartshuk et al. (2020), as Ch. latispinigera. Sakhalin Region: Mt. Chamga, 1000–1300 m [about 50.73°N, 143.30°E], 1♂, from Trollius riederianus Fisch. & C.A. Mey.; Suwa (2013), as Ch. latispinigera.
Distribution. Palaearctic, associated with the majority of Trollius species.
Chiastocheta trollii Zetterstedt, 1845 — Figs 13, 17
Chiastocheta schnabli Collin, 1954. Following the revision of the Anthomyiidae described by J. W. Zetterstedt (Michelsen 1985), the species is accepted here as Ch. trollii (Ackland 2021).
Material examined. Buryatia: Baikal Nature Reserve, N macroslope of the Khamar-Daban Ridge, 21 km E of Tankhoi, 51.527°N, 105.411°E, 1250 m, from Trollius asiaticus × T. chinensis, 24.06–1.07.2026, A. Savchenko and I. Solodkii leg., 5♂; vicinity of Tankhoi, 51.55°N, 105.12°E, 500 m, 9.07.2026, I. Solodkii leg., 1♂. Moscow Region: from T. europaeus, Volokolamsk District, 55.972°N, 36.029°E, 20.05.2026, N. Vikhrev leg., 1♂. Novosibirsk Region: Akademgorodok (= Novosibirsk Academic Town), 54.824°N, 83.104°E, from T. asiaticus (Fig. 1), 2.06.2026, O. Kosterin leg., 1♂; also see Nartshuk et al. (2020). Saint Petersburg Region: Nartshuk et al. (2020: 870), presumably Luga District.
Distribution. Palaearctic. To the east, currently known as far as Lake Baikal.
Chiastocheta dentifera Hennig, 1953 — Figs 10, 15, 19
Chiastocheta sachalinensis Suwa, 2013, syn. nov.
Material examined. Buryatia: Baikal Nature Reserve, N macroslope of the Khamar-Daban Ridge, 21 km E of Tankhoi, 51.527°N, 105.411°E, 1250 m, from Trollius asiaticus × T. chinensis, 24.06–1.07.2026, A. Savchenko and I. Solodkii leg., 1♂; vicinity of Tankhoi, 51.55°N, 105.12°E, 500 m, 9.07.2026, I. Solodkii leg., 1♂. Ivanovo Region: from T. europaeus: Shuya, Osinovaya Gora, 56.87°N, 41.44°E, 3.06.1971, A. Yudin leg., 6♂; 2.06.1982, A. Yudin leg., 4♂; 13.05.1983, A. Yudin leg., 11♂. Moscow Region: from T. europaeus: Volokolamsk District, 55.972°N, 36.029°E, 20.05.2026, N. Vikhrev leg., 5♂; Moscow, Stroginskaya floodplain, 55.79°N, 37.43°E, 21.05.2026, A. Savchenko and B. Serebryanyi leg., 5♂. Saint Petersburg Region: Nartshuk et al. (2020: 870), presumably Luga District. Sakhalin Region: Mt. Chamga, 1000–1300 m [about 50.73°N, 143.30°E], 4♂, from Trollius riederianus, Suwa (2013), as Ch. sachalinensis.
Distribution. Palaearctic, associated with the majority of Trollius species.
Chiastocheta macropyga Hennig, 1953 — Figs 4, 16, 20
Material examined. Ivanovo Region: from T. europaeus: Shuya, Osinovaya Gora, 56.87°N, 41.44°E, 2.06.1982, A. Yudin leg., 4♂; 13.05.1983, A. Yudin leg., 8♂. Moscow Region: from T. europaeus: Volokolamsk District, 55.972°N, 36.029°E, 20.05.2026, N. Vikhrev leg., 8♂; Moscow, Stroginskaya floodplain, 55.79°N, 37.43°E, 21.05.2026, A. Savchenko and B. Serebryanyi leg., 1♂. Saint Petersburg Region: Nartshuk et al. (2020: 870), presumably Luga District.
Distribution. So far known only from Europe, where it is absent from the British Isles.
Chiastocheta rotundiventris Hennig, 1953 — Figs 11, 12
Material examined. Altai Republic: Ulagan District, 6 km NE of Djulukul Lake, 50.53°N, 89.77°E, 2650 m, from Trollius altaicus, 16.07.2026, O. Kosterin leg., 1♂. Novosibirsk Region: Akademgorodok (= Novosibirsk Academic Town), 54.824°N, 83.104°E, from T. asiaticus, 2.06.2026, O. Kosterin leg., 4♂; also see: Nartshuk et al. (2020). Saint Petersburg Region: Nartshuk et al. (2020: 870), presumably Luga District. UKRAINE, Transcarpathia Region: from T. europaeus: Rakhiv District, Kvasy village, 48.15°N, 24.28°E, 550–600 m, 16.06.1973, A. Yudin leg., 4♂.
Distribution. Palaearctic. To the east, currently known as far as Western Siberia.
II Lumper's approach to the Chiastocheta taxonomy
There are splitter's and lumper's approaches to Chiastocheta taxonomy, the splitter approach predominating, as usual. Here we are offering the lumper's one.
Pellmyr (1992) examined the flowers and fruits of various species of Trollius in many herbarium collections, including the Russian herbaria, NSK/NS, in particular. He explored shape, size, and locations of the laying of discovered Chiastocheta eggs. As a result, he came to the conclusion that the genus Trollius should contain 17 species. This estimation is completely irrelevant: the genus Trollius comprises about 30 species worldwide; at least 15 species and 10 interspecific hybrids occur in Russia (Serebryanyi and Fedorova 2025). That hypothesis by Pellmyr is very bold for a genus in which the females are indistinguishable, and the males differ mainly or only by the structure of genitalia. Pellmyr probably reasoned as follows: if several species of Chiastocheta live on one European plant, Trollius europaeus, then these species should differ in the details of their parasitism on the plant. And if there are several species of Trollius in the Asian Palaearctic, then each Asian Trollius should have its own Chiastocheta species.
However, as follows from publications on Chiastocheta of the Asian Russia (Suwa 2013; Nartshuk et al. 2020) and from our Asian material, the same species of Chiastocheta successfully live on different species and interspecific hybrids of globeflowers: Trollius europaeus, T. asiaticus, T. riederianus, T. altaicus, T. asiaticus× T. chinensis. This lack of selectivity of Chiastocheta in relation to the Trollius species strictly contradicts the Pellmyr's assumptions.
It can be presumed that Chiastocheta species split in the past under some unknown climatic circumstances and several species of Chiastocheta have acquired reproductive isolation from each other. At the same time, they have not lost the ability to live on different Trollius species.
Meanwhile, most entomologists still assume that there is a certain selectivity in the relationship between Chiastocheta/Trollius. If so, any Chiastocheta collected in China or Japan or Sakhalin Island should be described as a new species, since some fine/minor differences in the structure of the male genitalia could always be considered. In fact, the observed lack of selectivity forces us to propose some new synonyms.
a) Chiastocheta latispinigera: type locality: Jilin province, Changbai Mountains on the border with N Korea, about 41.7°N, 127.9°E. The species was described from China in 1982, i.e. before Michelsen (1985) revision, of course, the authors didn't compare their species with Ch. inermella in present understanding, and there was no such a comparison in other publications either. Fan (Fan 2008: 700, fig. 1612Lp) shows drawing of genitalia of Ch. latispinigera (Fig. 5), we can see in this sketchy drawing not widened, long surstyli and pointed at apex halves of cercal plate, the same can be said about Ch. inermella. Concerning Ch. latispinigera, E.P. Nartshuk and co-authors wrote: "our observations confirm the data of Suwa (1989) about the polymorphism of cerci in Ch. latispinigera: in our specimens the spicular tips varied from long to very short" (Nartshuk et al. 2020: 877). The same ventral views of genitalia of Ch. inermella are shown in Figs 5–9 (Figs 8–9 attributed as Ch. latispinigera), also Fig. 18 shows genitalia of Ch. inermella male collected in Moscow region. The absence of clear verbal diagnosis and identity of male genitalia (Figs 5–9 and 18) require proposition of the following synonymy: Ch. inermella Zetterstedt, 1837 = Ch. latispinigera Fan, Chen et Jiang, 1982, syn. nov.
b) Chiastocheta sachalinensis was described from Mt. Chamga, 1000–1300 m [about 50.73°N, 143.30°E], from 4♂ and 5♀ from Trollius sp. [actually Trollius riederianus, as identified by M. Serebryanyi (the list of Sakhalin species of Trollius is presented in Serebryanyi and Fedorova 2023)]. Suwa (2013) stated that this species is closely related to Ch. dentifera.
Ch. dentifera differs from other species by having processes of sternite 5 before apices with a ventrally directed tooth-like projection (Ackland 2021; Collin 1954), which usually is clearly visible on intact males. Suwa (2013: 156 and 160) described this difference as follows:
- sternite 5 with processes prominently proturded innerapically … dentifera
- sternite 5 with processes rather distinctly proturded innerapically … sachalinensis
Fig. 10 shows the same sternite 5 of Ch. dentifera from different viewing angles, so a valid question should be considered: is a ventrally directed projection prominent or rather distinct? Additionally: among the specimens from the same series, these processes may be more or less pronounced.
Other diagnostic characters offered: in Ch. dentifera cercal plate less expanded anterolaterally; surstylus with subapical setae less stout and much longer. These are quantitative ("weak" according to Vikhrev (2023) classification) characters of fine details of male genitalia. Even if these differences are reliable, we consider them as intraspecific variability/variation. Not only because any doubts should be regarded in accordance with the main problem-solving principle of the law of parsimony: "Entities must not be multiplied beyond necessity". We also know that Sakhalin was connected with Far East mainland only 11‒10 thousand years ago, when the land bridge across Tartar (= Tatarsky) Strait the last time existed. By analogy with cold-loving Diptera populations living on both sides of the Bering Strait, in the vast majority of cases that period of time is not enough for speciation. Thus, we propose that Ch. dentifera Hennig, 1953 = Ch. sachalinensis Suwa, 2013, syn. nov.
Ch. lophota Karl, 1943 was described from 1♂ and 1♀. Hennig (1953) discussed this species in detail. Based on short Karl's description and badly damaged male type Hennig could not reach a conclusion on identity of Ch. lophota. According to Pont and Ackland (2009) no type specimens were found in Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Germany. In our opinion it is nomen dubium.
Ch. setifera Hennig, 1953 was described prior to Michelsen (1985) revision. According to Ackland (2021: plate 11) Ch. setifera Hennig, 1953 differs from Ch. inermella by longer and stronger setae at apices of sternite 5, which is in our opinion only intraspecific variability. We suspect conspecificity here, leaving to our European colleagues the honour to finally sort that out.
III Identification of the Palaearctic Chiastocheta
If our hypothesis that the number of so far known Chiastocheta species in the Palaearctic does not exceed five is correct, these species are easily and reliably distinguishable by the structure of male genitalia. The largest and most strongly sclerotized part of the genitalia are surstyli, presumably they are mostly responsible for male-female interaction in copula in Chiastocheta. It seems to us that the most deviant species is Ch. rotundiventris with very atypical shape of surstyli. Surstyli are only weakly connected with each other and cerci, so we have not been able to separate them as a whole and we illustrated genitalia of Ch. rotundiventris separately (Figs 11–12). For other four species we made photo of the complex of surstyli and cerci at the same magnification to illustrate their relative sizes.
Key for Palaearctic Chiastocheta, ♂♂
| 1 | Surstyli with an unusual shape for Chiastocheta: in lateral view distinctly widened at base or at middle part; either with deeply bifurcate apex (see ventrally) or with remarkably spinulose and dense setae (see laterally). Intact abdomen either short and wide or with shining and strongly thickened segments 6 and 7+8 … | 2 |
| Surstyli of typical for Chiastocheta shape: of about the same width all along in both ventral and lateral views, more or less hockey stick like curved; shortly bifurcated at very apex only (Figs 13–15). Intact abdomen longer than wide and with apical segments less thickened … | 3 | |
| 2 | Surstyli strongly widened near middle; with remarkably spinulose and dense setae on inner surface (Figs 4, 16, 20). Intact abdomen with shining and strongly thickened segments 6 and 7+8. t3 with 2–3 av setae. Genae wider | macropyga Hennig |
| Surstyli in lateral view of triangular shape, widened at base and gradually narrowed to apex; or at middle part; in ventral view deeply bifurcate at apex (Figs 11, 12). Intact abdomen short and wide. t3 without distinct av setae. Genae remarkably narrow | rotundiventris Hennig | |
| 3 | External genitalia much smaller than in other Chiastocheta; surstyli remarkably short; cercal plate with rounded apex (Figs 13, 17). Intact abdomen short and wide, somewhat similar to that of Ch. rotundiventris. t3 with 2–4 av setae | trollii Zetterstedt |
| Genitalia not small; surstyli elongated. Intact abdomen not short and wide, distinctly longer than wide … | 4 | |
| 4 | Processes of sternite 5 before apices with a ventrally directed tooth-like projection (Fig. 10), usually it is clearly visible on intact abdomen. Cercal plate with obtuse apex (Figs 15, 19). t3 with slightly elongated fine setulae on av surface, sometimes with rather weak 1 av | dentifera Hennig |
| Processes of sternite 5 without such projections. Apex of cercal plate with separated halves, halves of cercal plate pointed at tip (Figs 14, 18). t3 variable on av surface, with 0–3 av setae | inermella Zetterstedt |
IV Problematic cases
During collecting of Chiastocheta in Moscow and Novosibirsk regions we didn't perform any special calculations, but the males/females ratio was close to 1:1. In contrast, during two weeks working of two collectors on Khamar-Daban ridge at 1250 m on blooming hybrid Trollius asiaticus × T. chinensis only 12 males of Chiastocheta were collected. Estimation of the males/females ratio by collectors (again approximate) was about 1:60. In our opinion, the simplest explanation of that is facultative parthenogenesis, which occurs when females can produce offspring either sexually or via asexual reproduction. We take into account that parthenogenesis is uncommon in Diptera and still unknown among the family Anthomyiidae. This hypothesis may and should be confirmed or rejected by further observations on mountainous and northern Chiastocheta populations and via the genetic methods. Nine out of twelve males from Khamar-Daban ridge are listed above in Section I of the current paper, so where are three more males? They were not mentioned because are unidentifiable.
One male Chiastocheta sp.1 has cercal plate as that of Ch. dentifera, but sternite 5 without ventrally directed tooth-like projection as in Ch. inermella (Fig. 21). Two more males (Chiastocheta sp.2) have the opposite combination of characters: cercal plate as that of Ch. inermella, but sternite 5 with ventrally directed tooth-like projection as in Ch. dentifera (Fig. 22).
Our hypothesis is that these two unusual forms are the result of hybridization, assuming that between Ch. inermella and Ch. dentifera. Taking into consideration, these two Chiastocheta species have surstyli of very similar shape and size, while other three Chiastocheta may be easily distinguished only by shape and size of surstyli. The hybridization can be induced by the rarity of males and again this hypothesis may and should be verified by genetic methods.
It is worth mentioning that we have not found an answer to the question that concerned Pellmyr and which concerns us just as much: how do the five European species of Chiastocheta coexist peacefully on Trollius europaeus? And, as it turns out, on any species of the genus Trollius studied? This might contravene the competitive exclusion principle (Gause's law), which states that two or more different species cannot sustainably occupy the same ecological niche within the same habitat; one must displace the less well-adapted. Given that Chiastocheta females are indistinguishable finding an answer is not going to be easy, but we shall endeavour to do so in the coming field seasons.
Conclusions
An analysis of existing publications and newly collected data indicates that the Chiastocheta species previously described from the T. europaeus thrive on the entire Asian range of Trollius.
The generally accepted taxonomic approach to Chiastocheta assumed that the flies were selective with regard to certain species of Trollius; consequently, the validity of many species described from Asia was taken for granted. However, there is no such selectivity, and, in the authors' view, the morphological grounds for their description are unconvincing; consequently, the two species have been sunk into synonymy.
Thus, the Russian fauna of Chiastocheta comprises five species. New illustrations of these species are created and an identification key, enabling the reliable identification of male Chiastocheta is provided.
A change in the sex ratio within the populations has been observed: from close to 1:1 in all populations except the Khamar-Daban's one, where it is approximately 1:60. In our opinion, the simplest explanation of that phenomenon is a facultative parthenogenesis.
Chiastocheta males whose genitalia exhibit a combination of characters typical of both Ch. inermella and Ch. dentifera have been caught at Khamar-Daban. We hypothesize that these males are the result of hybridization between these two Chiastocheta species. It is possible that this hybridization has been triggered by the scarcity of males relative to the abundance of females.
Acknowledgements
We thank Emilia Nartshuk (Zoological Institute, Saint Petersburg) who shared with us several important publications. We thank Oleg Kosterin (Novosibirsk) for collecting Chiastocheta in Novosibirsk and Altai Republic and providing photos from wild populations of T. asiaticus.
We are deeply grateful to Natalia Gamova (MSU, Baikal Nature Reserve) for her invaluable assistance in Khamar-Daban 2026 field work. We also express our gratitude to Sergei Majorov (MSU) for joint field excursion to Stroginskaya Floodplain (Moscow), to Ivan Solodkii for collecting in Buryatia and to Maria Yanbulat for collecting in Moscow region.
The research contribution of MS was accomplished in the framework of the Main Botanical Garden State Assignment No. 126012215936-0.
The data underlying this article will be shared on reasonable request to the corresponding author, including a PDF of the D.M. Ackland manuscript (2021).
References
Ackland DM (2021) Manuscript: Key to British Anthomyiidae, stored in the archive of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History.
Collin JE (1954) The genus Chiastocheta Pokorny (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London 23(5–6): 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1954.tb00109.x
Fan Z (Ed.) (2008) Diptera Muscidae (1). Fauna Sinica, Insecta 49. Science Press, Beijing, 1186 pp.
Hennig W (1953) Übersicht über die europäischen Arten der Gattung Chiastocheta. Beiträge zur Entomologie 3(6): 655–668. https://doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.3.6.655-668
Michelsen V (1985) A revision of the Anthomyiidae described by J. W. Zetterstedt. Steenstrupia 11(2): 37–65.
Nartshuk EP, Buglova LV, Gusar AS (2020) Species of the genus Chiastocheta Pokorny (Diptera, Anthomyiidae) and their relationship with Asian species of Trollius L. (Ranunculaceae). Entomological Review 99(4): 867–883. https://doi.org/10.31857/S0367144520040048
Pellmyr O (1989) The cost of mutualism: interactions between Trollius europaeus and its pollinating parasites. Oecologia 78: 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00377197883
Pellmyr O (1992) The phylogeny of a mutualism: Evolution and coadaptation between Trollius and its seed-parasitic pollinators. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 47(4): 337–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1992.tb00674.x
Pont AC, Ackland M (2009) The types of Anthomyiidae (Diptera) in the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Germany. Zoosystematics and Evolution 85(1): 5–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoos.200800015
Serebryanyi MM, Fedorova AV (2023) Endemic Trollius from southeast Sakhalin: revealing another taxonomic confusion in Trollius L. taxonomy – the "T. miyabei" case. Botanica Pacifica 12(2): 32–41. https://doi.org/10.17581/bp.2023.12s09
Serebryanyi MM, Fedorova AV (2025) Interspecific hybrids in the genus Trollius (Ranunculaceae). Geography and taxonomic importance. In: Gureyeva II (Ed.) Problems of Studying the Vegetation Cover of Siberia: Proceedings of the VIII International Conference, Dedicated to the 140th Anniversary of the P.N. Krylov Herbarium, 145th Anniversary of Siberian Botanical Garden and 175th Anniversary of P.N. Krylov (Tomsk, September 24–27, 2025). Tomsk State University Publishers, Tomsk, 213–217. https://doi.org/10.17223/978-5-908040-01-3-2025-52
Serebryanyi M, Fedorova A (2026) Integrative taxonomy reveals an ancient species of the genus Trollius (Ranunculaceae), long hidden under a hybrid name. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society: boag040. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boag040
Suwa M (1989) Notes on the genus Chiastocheta in Japan, with description of a new species (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). Akitu 110: 1–14.
Suwa M (2013) Anthomyiid flies from Sakhalin (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). Insecta Matsumurana 69(1): 133–194.
Vikhrev NE (2023) Review of the Hydrotaea meteorica group (Diptera, Muscidae). Amurian Zoological Journal 15(4): 838–846. https://doi.org/10.33910/2686-9519-2023-15-4-838-846
How to cite this article:
Vikhrev NE, Serebryanyi MM, Savchenko AS (2026) Taxonomic notes on the Eastern Palaearctic fauna of Chiastocheta Pokorny, 1889 (Diptera, Anthomyiidae). Acta Biologica Sibirica 12: 1491–1507. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.24052835