РАННИЕ СВИДЕТЕЛЬСТВА ПРОИЗВОДЯЩЕЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ В МАТЕРИАЛАХ ГИССАРСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ: ОБЗОР ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИХ КОНЦЕПЦИЙ
Ключевые слова:
Центральная Азия, Гиссаро-Алай, гиссарская культура, неолит, скотоводство
Аннотация
Переход к производящему хозяйству является одним из революционных шагов в истории человечества. Распространившиеся с территории стран Плодородного Полумесяца одомашненные виды злаков и мелкого рогатого скота появляются в Центральной Азии в период раннего неолита (VI-V тыс. до н. э.). В середине XX в. были выделены основные для Центрально-Азиатского региона неолитические культуры - джейтунская, кельтеминарская и гиссар-ская. Настоящая публикация посвящена рассмотрению гиссарской культуры и имеющимся реконструкциям ее экономического уклада. Гиссарская культура распространена на территории Гиссаро-Алая и датируется с VI по II тыс. до н. э. Начиная с конца 1950-х гг. исследователи старались определить тип хозяйства носителей гиссарской культуры: ранняя стадия земледелия и скотоводства; охота и собирательство; кочевое скотоводство. В настоящей статье рассмотрены основные аргументы «за» и «против» существования в гиссарской культуре производящего хозяйства, а именно - скотоводства. На основании ряда признаков, таких как наличие долговременных и кратковременных стоянок, большое количество костей мелкого рогатого скота, доступность круглогодичных пастбищ на месте расположения памятников, отсутствие в орудийном наборе орудий для охоты, коллектив авторов соглашается с точкой зрения В. А. Ранова и Г. Ф. Коробковой об использовании гиссарцами раннего скотоводства. Однако данная гипотеза требует дополнительной проработки с применением биоархеологических методов исследования.
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Литература
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Vinogradova N. M., Ranov V.A., Filimonova T. G. Pamyatniki Gangurttuta v Yugo-Zapadnom Tadzhikistane (epoha neolita i bronzovyj vek) [The Sites of Gangurtut in Southwest Tajikistan (Neolithic and Bronze Age)]. Moscow : Institute Vostokovedeniya RAN, 2008. 472 p. (In Russ.)
Korobkova G. F. K probleme neoliticheskih skotovodov Srednej Azii. Tezisy dokladov sessii, posvyashchennoj itogam polevyh arheologicheskih issledovanij 1972 g. v KazSSR [On the Problem of the Neolithic Cattle-breeders of Central Asia. Abstracts of the Session Devoted to the Results of Field Archaeological Research in 1972 in the KazSSR]. Tashkent : Fan, 1973. Pp. 207–210. (In Russ.)
Korobkova G.F. Orudiya truda i hozyajstvo neoliticheskih plemen Srednej Azii [Tools and Economy of the Neolithic tribes of Central Asia]. Materialy I issledovaniya po arheologii SSSR (MIA) [Materials and Research on Archaeology of the USSR]. Leningrad : Nauka, 1969. No 158. 216 p. (In Russ.)
Korobkova G.F. Srednyaya Aziya i Kazahstan. Gissarskaya kul’tura [Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Hissar culture]. Neolit Severnoj Evrazii [Neolithic of Northern Eurasia]. Moscow: Nauka, 1996. Pp. 110–116. (In Russ.)
Korobkova G. F., Masson V.A. Ponyatie neolit i voprosy hronologii neolita Srednej Azii [The Concept of the Neolithic and questions of the Chronology of the Neolithic of Central Asia]. Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta Arheologii RAN (KSIA) [Brief Reports of the Institute of Archaeology RAS]. 1978. No. 153. Pp. 103–109. (In Russ.)
Korobkova G.F., Ranov V.A. Drevnejshie zemlekopnye orudiya Srednej Azii [The Oldest Excavating Tools of Central Asia]. Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta Arheologii RAN (KSIA) [Brief Reports of the Institute of Archaeology RAS]. 1973. No. 136. Pp. 77–80. (In Russ.)
Litvinskij B. A., Ranov V. A. Raskopki navesa Ak-Tangi [Excavation of the Ak-Tangi Shed]. Arheologicheskie raboty v Tadzhikistane (1961 god) [Excavation of the Ak-Tangi Canopy. Archaeological Work in Tajikistan (1961)]. Dushanbe : Izd-vo AN Tadzhikskoj SSR, 1964. Vol. 9. Pp. 3–25. (In Russ.)
Markov Yu.Ya., Obrazcov V.A. Datirovanie drevnih pamyatnikov Turkmenii i sosednih oblastej metodom radiokarbonovogo analiza [The Dating of Ancient Sites of Turkmenistan and Neighboring Regions by Radiocarbon Analysis]. Izvestija AN Turkmenskoj SSR. Serija obshchestvennyh nauk. Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Turkmen SSR. Social Science Series]. 1981. P. 74–77. (In Russ.)
Masson V.M. Gissarskaya kul’tura v Zapadnom Tadzhikistane. Srednyaya Aziya v epohu kamnya i bronzy [Gissar Culture in Western Tajikistan. Central Asia During the Stone and Bronze Age]. Moscow]. Moscow ; Leningrad : Nauka, 1966. Pp. 145–148. (In Russ.)
Masson V. M. Poselenie Dzhejtun (problemy stanovleniya proizvodyashhej ekonomiki) [The Dzheitun Settlement (problems of the formation of a manufacturing economy)]. Materialy I issledovaniya po arheologii SSSR (MIA) [Materials and Research on Archaeology of the USSR]. Leningrad : Nauka, 1971. Issue 158. 208 p. (In Russ.)
Okladnikov A. P. Issledovanija pamjatnikov kamennogo veka Tadzhikistana. Predvaritel’noe soobshhenie o rabotah 1948, 1952–1954 gg. [Research into the Sites of the Stone Age in Tajikistan. Preliminary Report on the Excavations of 1948, 1952–1954]. Materialy I issledovaniya po arheologii SSSR (MIA) [Materials and Research on Archaeology of the USSR]. Moscow ; Leningrad : Nauka, 1958. No 66. Pp. 11–71. (In Russ.)
Okladnikov A.P. O rabotah po izucheniyu kamennogo veka Tadzhikistana v 1957 g. (v Gissarskoj i Dangarinskoj dolinah) [About the Works on the Study of the Stone Age of Tajikistan in 1957 (in the Gissar and Dangara Valleys)]. Arheologicheskie raboty v Tadzhikistane v 1957 g. [Archaeological Work in Tajikistan in 1957]. Dushanbe : Izd-vo AN Tadzhikskoj SSR,1959a. Vol. 5. Pp. 5–20. (In Russ.)
Okladnikov A.P. Issledovanie pamyatnikov kamennogo veka na yuge Tadzhikistana v 1958 g. [The Study of Stone Age Sites in the South of Tajikistan in 1958]. Arheologicheskie raboty v Tadzhikistane v 1958 g. [Archaeological Work in Tajikistan in 1958]. Dushanbe : Donish, 1961. Vol. 6. Pp. 5–17. (In Russ.)
Okladnikov A.P. Kamennyj vek Tadzhikistana: Itogi i problem [The Stone Age of Tajikistan: Results and Problems]. Materialy 2-go Soveshchaniya arheologov i etnografov Srednej Azii [Materials of the 2nd Meeting of Archaeologists and Ethnographers of Central Asia]. Moscow ; Leningrad : Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1959b. Pp. 158–184. (In Russ.)
Okladnikov A.P., Ranov V.A. Kamennyj vek. Istoriya tadzhikskogo naroda [The Stone Age. History of the Tajik People]. Moscow : Izd-vo vost. lit., 1963. Vol. 1, Chap. l. Pp. 38–98. (In Russ.)
Ranov V. A. Gissarskaya kul’tura — neolit gornyh oblastej Srednej Azii (proishozhdenie, rasprostranenie, osobennosti) [The Gissar Culture is the Neolithic of the Mountainous Regions of Central Asia (Origin, Distribution, Features)]. Kamennyj vek Severnoj, Srednej i Vostochnoj Azii [Stone Age of North, Central and East Asia]. Novosibirsk : Izd-vo In-ta arheologii I etnografii SO RAN, 1985. Pp. 10–35. (In Russ.)
Ranov V.A. Desyat» let izucheniya kamennogo veka Yuzhnogo Tadzhikistana i Pamira [Ten Years of Studying the Stone Age of Southern Tajikistan and the Pamirs]. Arheologicheskie raboty v Tadzhikistane v 1980 g. [Archaeological Work in Tajikistan in 1980]. Dushanbe : Donish, 1987. No 20. Pp. 50–86. (In
Russ.)
Ranov V.A., Zhukov V.A., Yusupov A.H. Raboty po kamennomu veku Tadzhikistana v 1971 g. [Works on the Stone Age of Tajikistan in 1971]. Uspehi sredneaziatskoj arheologii [Advances in Central Asian Archaeology.]. Leningrad : Nauka, 1972. No. 2. Pp. 31–35. (In Russ.)
Ranov V.A., Korobkova G. F. Tutkaul — mnogoslojnoe poselenie gissarskoj kul’tury v Yuzhnom Tadzhikistane [Tutkaul is a Multi-layered Settlement of the Hissar Culture in Southern Tajikistan]. Sovetskaya arheologiya [Soviet Archaeology]. 1971. No 2. Pp. 133–147. (In Russ.)
Skakun N.N., Filimonova T.G., Yusupov A.H., Kutimov Yu.G. Kostyanye orudiya i ukrasheniya neoliticheskogo poseleniya Saj-Sajyod (Tadzhikistan) [Bone Tools and Adornments of the Neolithic Settlement of Sadzh-Sadjod (Tajikistan)]. Arheologiya drevnih obshchestv Evrazii: hronologiya, kul’turogenez, religioznye vozzreniya. Pamyati V.A. Massona [Archaeology of the Ancient Societies of Eurasia: Chronology, Cultural Genesis, Religious Views. In Memory of V.A. Masson]. St. Petersburg : Art-Express, 2014. Vol. XLII. Pp. 53–61. (In Russ.)
Сalkin V.I. Drevnee zhivotnovodstvo plemen Vostochnoj Evropy i Srednej Azii [Ancient Animal Husbandry of the Tribes of Eastern Europe and Central Asia]. Materialy I issledovaniya po arheologii SSSR (MIA) [Materials and Research on Archaeology of the USSR]. Moscow : Nauka, 1966. Issue 135. 160 p. (In Russ.)
Сalkin V.I. Predvaritel’nye rezul’taty izucheniya faunisticheskogo materiala iz raskopok Dzhebela, proizvedennyh A.P. Okladnikovym [Preliminary Results of the Study of Faunistic Material from the Jebel Excavations carried out by A.P. Okladnikov]. Trudy Yuzhno-Turkmenistanskoj arheologicheskoj kompleksnoj ekspedicii [Proceedings of the South-Turkmenistan Archaeological Complex Expedition]. Ashgabat : Turkmenskij filial AN SSSR, 1956. Vol. 7. Pp. 220–221. (In Russ.)
Sharapov Sh. Ostatki mlekopitayushchih iz neoliticheskoj stoyanki Saj Sajyod (Yuzhnyj Tadzhikistan) [Remains of Mammals from the Sai Sayyod Neolithic Site (South Tajikistan)]. Voprosy zoologii Tadzhikistana [Questions of Zoology of Tajikistan]. Dushanbe : Donish, 1977. Pp. 23–28. (In Russ.)
Yusupov A.H. Neoliticheskoe poselenie Saj-Sajyod na yugo-zapade Tadzhikistana [Sai-Sayyod Neolithic Settlement in the South-West of Tajikistan]. Sovetskaya arheologiya [Soviet Archaeology]. 1975. No 2. Pp. 138–148. (In Russ.)
Adams R. McC. Heartland of Cities: Surveys of Ancient Settlement and Land Use on the Central Floodplain of the Euphrates. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1981. Pp. 162. (In Eng.)
Bar-Yosef O. Eat What is There: Hunting and Gathering in the World of Neanderthals and Their Neighbours. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 2004. Vol. 14 (34). Pp. 333–342. (In Eng.)
Ben-David M., Flaherty E.A. Stable Isotopes in Mammalian Research: a Beginner’s Guide. Journal of Mammalogy. 2012. Vol. 93 (2). Pp. 312–328. (In Eng.)
Brunet F. Asie Centrale: vers une redefinition des complexes culturels de la fin du Pleistocene et des debuts de l’Holocene. Paléorient, 2002. Vol. 28 (2). Pp. 9–24. (In Eng.)
Coon C. S. The Seven Caves. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1957. P. 324. (In Eng.)
Fuller D.Q., Willcox G., Allaby R.G. Early Agricultural Pathways: Moving Outside the “Core Area” Hypothesis in Southwest Asia. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2012. Vol. 63. Pp. 17–633. (In Eng.)
Hole F. D. Pastoral Nomadism in Western Iran. Explorations in Ethnoarchaeology. Edited by R. Gould. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1978. Pp. 127–179. (In Eng.)
Özdoğan M. Archaeological Evidence on the Westward Expansion of Farming Communities from Eastern Anatolia to the Aegean and the Balkans. Current Anthropology. 2011. Vol. 52 (4). Pp. 415–430. (In Eng.)
Rosen S.A. Revolutions in the Desert: The Rise of Mobile Pastoralism in the Southern Levant. 2016. Walnut Creek: Taylor and Francis, 2016. Pp. 330. (In Eng.)
Schmaus T.M., Doumani Dupuy P.N., Frachetti M. Variability in Seasonal Mobility Patterns in Bronze and Iron Age Kazakhstan through Cementum (In Eng.) Analysis. Quaternary International. 2020. Vol. 545. Pp. 102–110.
Vigne J-D. Early Domestication and Farming: What Should we Know or Do for a Better Understanding? Anthropozoologica. 2015. Vol. 50 (2). Pp. 123–150. (In Eng.)
Zeder М. Animal Domestication in the Zagros: An Update and Directions for Future Research // Paléorient. 1999. Vol. 25 (2). Pp. 11–25. (In Eng.)
Zeder М. The Origins of Agriculture in the Near East. Current Anthropology. 2011. Vol. 52 (4). Pp. 211–235. (In Eng.)
Vinogradova N. M., Ranov V.A., Filimonova T. G. Pamyatniki Gangurttuta v Yugo-Zapadnom Tadzhikistane (epoha neolita i bronzovyj vek) [The Sites of Gangurtut in Southwest Tajikistan (Neolithic and Bronze Age)]. Moscow : Institute Vostokovedeniya RAN, 2008. 472 p. (In Russ.)
Korobkova G. F. K probleme neoliticheskih skotovodov Srednej Azii. Tezisy dokladov sessii, posvyashchennoj itogam polevyh arheologicheskih issledovanij 1972 g. v KazSSR [On the Problem of the Neolithic Cattle-breeders of Central Asia. Abstracts of the Session Devoted to the Results of Field Archaeological Research in 1972 in the KazSSR]. Tashkent : Fan, 1973. Pp. 207–210. (In Russ.)
Korobkova G.F. Orudiya truda i hozyajstvo neoliticheskih plemen Srednej Azii [Tools and Economy of the Neolithic tribes of Central Asia]. Materialy I issledovaniya po arheologii SSSR (MIA) [Materials and Research on Archaeology of the USSR]. Leningrad : Nauka, 1969. No 158. 216 p. (In Russ.)
Korobkova G.F. Srednyaya Aziya i Kazahstan. Gissarskaya kul’tura [Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Hissar culture]. Neolit Severnoj Evrazii [Neolithic of Northern Eurasia]. Moscow: Nauka, 1996. Pp. 110–116. (In Russ.)
Korobkova G. F., Masson V.A. Ponyatie neolit i voprosy hronologii neolita Srednej Azii [The Concept of the Neolithic and questions of the Chronology of the Neolithic of Central Asia]. Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta Arheologii RAN (KSIA) [Brief Reports of the Institute of Archaeology RAS]. 1978. No. 153. Pp. 103–109. (In Russ.)
Korobkova G.F., Ranov V.A. Drevnejshie zemlekopnye orudiya Srednej Azii [The Oldest Excavating Tools of Central Asia]. Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta Arheologii RAN (KSIA) [Brief Reports of the Institute of Archaeology RAS]. 1973. No. 136. Pp. 77–80. (In Russ.)
Litvinskij B. A., Ranov V. A. Raskopki navesa Ak-Tangi [Excavation of the Ak-Tangi Shed]. Arheologicheskie raboty v Tadzhikistane (1961 god) [Excavation of the Ak-Tangi Canopy. Archaeological Work in Tajikistan (1961)]. Dushanbe : Izd-vo AN Tadzhikskoj SSR, 1964. Vol. 9. Pp. 3–25. (In Russ.)
Markov Yu.Ya., Obrazcov V.A. Datirovanie drevnih pamyatnikov Turkmenii i sosednih oblastej metodom radiokarbonovogo analiza [The Dating of Ancient Sites of Turkmenistan and Neighboring Regions by Radiocarbon Analysis]. Izvestija AN Turkmenskoj SSR. Serija obshchestvennyh nauk. Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Turkmen SSR. Social Science Series]. 1981. P. 74–77. (In Russ.)
Masson V.M. Gissarskaya kul’tura v Zapadnom Tadzhikistane. Srednyaya Aziya v epohu kamnya i bronzy [Gissar Culture in Western Tajikistan. Central Asia During the Stone and Bronze Age]. Moscow]. Moscow ; Leningrad : Nauka, 1966. Pp. 145–148. (In Russ.)
Masson V. M. Poselenie Dzhejtun (problemy stanovleniya proizvodyashhej ekonomiki) [The Dzheitun Settlement (problems of the formation of a manufacturing economy)]. Materialy I issledovaniya po arheologii SSSR (MIA) [Materials and Research on Archaeology of the USSR]. Leningrad : Nauka, 1971. Issue 158. 208 p. (In Russ.)
Okladnikov A. P. Issledovanija pamjatnikov kamennogo veka Tadzhikistana. Predvaritel’noe soobshhenie o rabotah 1948, 1952–1954 gg. [Research into the Sites of the Stone Age in Tajikistan. Preliminary Report on the Excavations of 1948, 1952–1954]. Materialy I issledovaniya po arheologii SSSR (MIA) [Materials and Research on Archaeology of the USSR]. Moscow ; Leningrad : Nauka, 1958. No 66. Pp. 11–71. (In Russ.)
Okladnikov A.P. O rabotah po izucheniyu kamennogo veka Tadzhikistana v 1957 g. (v Gissarskoj i Dangarinskoj dolinah) [About the Works on the Study of the Stone Age of Tajikistan in 1957 (in the Gissar and Dangara Valleys)]. Arheologicheskie raboty v Tadzhikistane v 1957 g. [Archaeological Work in Tajikistan in 1957]. Dushanbe : Izd-vo AN Tadzhikskoj SSR,1959a. Vol. 5. Pp. 5–20. (In Russ.)
Okladnikov A.P. Issledovanie pamyatnikov kamennogo veka na yuge Tadzhikistana v 1958 g. [The Study of Stone Age Sites in the South of Tajikistan in 1958]. Arheologicheskie raboty v Tadzhikistane v 1958 g. [Archaeological Work in Tajikistan in 1958]. Dushanbe : Donish, 1961. Vol. 6. Pp. 5–17. (In Russ.)
Okladnikov A.P. Kamennyj vek Tadzhikistana: Itogi i problem [The Stone Age of Tajikistan: Results and Problems]. Materialy 2-go Soveshchaniya arheologov i etnografov Srednej Azii [Materials of the 2nd Meeting of Archaeologists and Ethnographers of Central Asia]. Moscow ; Leningrad : Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1959b. Pp. 158–184. (In Russ.)
Okladnikov A.P., Ranov V.A. Kamennyj vek. Istoriya tadzhikskogo naroda [The Stone Age. History of the Tajik People]. Moscow : Izd-vo vost. lit., 1963. Vol. 1, Chap. l. Pp. 38–98. (In Russ.)
Ranov V. A. Gissarskaya kul’tura — neolit gornyh oblastej Srednej Azii (proishozhdenie, rasprostranenie, osobennosti) [The Gissar Culture is the Neolithic of the Mountainous Regions of Central Asia (Origin, Distribution, Features)]. Kamennyj vek Severnoj, Srednej i Vostochnoj Azii [Stone Age of North, Central and East Asia]. Novosibirsk : Izd-vo In-ta arheologii I etnografii SO RAN, 1985. Pp. 10–35. (In Russ.)
Ranov V.A. Desyat» let izucheniya kamennogo veka Yuzhnogo Tadzhikistana i Pamira [Ten Years of Studying the Stone Age of Southern Tajikistan and the Pamirs]. Arheologicheskie raboty v Tadzhikistane v 1980 g. [Archaeological Work in Tajikistan in 1980]. Dushanbe : Donish, 1987. No 20. Pp. 50–86. (In
Russ.)
Ranov V.A., Zhukov V.A., Yusupov A.H. Raboty po kamennomu veku Tadzhikistana v 1971 g. [Works on the Stone Age of Tajikistan in 1971]. Uspehi sredneaziatskoj arheologii [Advances in Central Asian Archaeology.]. Leningrad : Nauka, 1972. No. 2. Pp. 31–35. (In Russ.)
Ranov V.A., Korobkova G. F. Tutkaul — mnogoslojnoe poselenie gissarskoj kul’tury v Yuzhnom Tadzhikistane [Tutkaul is a Multi-layered Settlement of the Hissar Culture in Southern Tajikistan]. Sovetskaya arheologiya [Soviet Archaeology]. 1971. No 2. Pp. 133–147. (In Russ.)
Skakun N.N., Filimonova T.G., Yusupov A.H., Kutimov Yu.G. Kostyanye orudiya i ukrasheniya neoliticheskogo poseleniya Saj-Sajyod (Tadzhikistan) [Bone Tools and Adornments of the Neolithic Settlement of Sadzh-Sadjod (Tajikistan)]. Arheologiya drevnih obshchestv Evrazii: hronologiya, kul’turogenez, religioznye vozzreniya. Pamyati V.A. Massona [Archaeology of the Ancient Societies of Eurasia: Chronology, Cultural Genesis, Religious Views. In Memory of V.A. Masson]. St. Petersburg : Art-Express, 2014. Vol. XLII. Pp. 53–61. (In Russ.)
Сalkin V.I. Drevnee zhivotnovodstvo plemen Vostochnoj Evropy i Srednej Azii [Ancient Animal Husbandry of the Tribes of Eastern Europe and Central Asia]. Materialy I issledovaniya po arheologii SSSR (MIA) [Materials and Research on Archaeology of the USSR]. Moscow : Nauka, 1966. Issue 135. 160 p. (In Russ.)
Сalkin V.I. Predvaritel’nye rezul’taty izucheniya faunisticheskogo materiala iz raskopok Dzhebela, proizvedennyh A.P. Okladnikovym [Preliminary Results of the Study of Faunistic Material from the Jebel Excavations carried out by A.P. Okladnikov]. Trudy Yuzhno-Turkmenistanskoj arheologicheskoj kompleksnoj ekspedicii [Proceedings of the South-Turkmenistan Archaeological Complex Expedition]. Ashgabat : Turkmenskij filial AN SSSR, 1956. Vol. 7. Pp. 220–221. (In Russ.)
Sharapov Sh. Ostatki mlekopitayushchih iz neoliticheskoj stoyanki Saj Sajyod (Yuzhnyj Tadzhikistan) [Remains of Mammals from the Sai Sayyod Neolithic Site (South Tajikistan)]. Voprosy zoologii Tadzhikistana [Questions of Zoology of Tajikistan]. Dushanbe : Donish, 1977. Pp. 23–28. (In Russ.)
Yusupov A.H. Neoliticheskoe poselenie Saj-Sajyod na yugo-zapade Tadzhikistana [Sai-Sayyod Neolithic Settlement in the South-West of Tajikistan]. Sovetskaya arheologiya [Soviet Archaeology]. 1975. No 2. Pp. 138–148. (In Russ.)
Adams R. McC. Heartland of Cities: Surveys of Ancient Settlement and Land Use on the Central Floodplain of the Euphrates. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1981. Pp. 162. (In Eng.)
Bar-Yosef O. Eat What is There: Hunting and Gathering in the World of Neanderthals and Their Neighbours. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 2004. Vol. 14 (34). Pp. 333–342. (In Eng.)
Ben-David M., Flaherty E.A. Stable Isotopes in Mammalian Research: a Beginner’s Guide. Journal of Mammalogy. 2012. Vol. 93 (2). Pp. 312–328. (In Eng.)
Brunet F. Asie Centrale: vers une redefinition des complexes culturels de la fin du Pleistocene et des debuts de l’Holocene. Paléorient, 2002. Vol. 28 (2). Pp. 9–24. (In Eng.)
Coon C. S. The Seven Caves. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1957. P. 324. (In Eng.)
Fuller D.Q., Willcox G., Allaby R.G. Early Agricultural Pathways: Moving Outside the “Core Area” Hypothesis in Southwest Asia. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2012. Vol. 63. Pp. 17–633. (In Eng.)
Hole F. D. Pastoral Nomadism in Western Iran. Explorations in Ethnoarchaeology. Edited by R. Gould. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1978. Pp. 127–179. (In Eng.)
Özdoğan M. Archaeological Evidence on the Westward Expansion of Farming Communities from Eastern Anatolia to the Aegean and the Balkans. Current Anthropology. 2011. Vol. 52 (4). Pp. 415–430. (In Eng.)
Rosen S.A. Revolutions in the Desert: The Rise of Mobile Pastoralism in the Southern Levant. 2016. Walnut Creek: Taylor and Francis, 2016. Pp. 330. (In Eng.)
Schmaus T.M., Doumani Dupuy P.N., Frachetti M. Variability in Seasonal Mobility Patterns in Bronze and Iron Age Kazakhstan through Cementum (In Eng.) Analysis. Quaternary International. 2020. Vol. 545. Pp. 102–110.
Vigne J-D. Early Domestication and Farming: What Should we Know or Do for a Better Understanding? Anthropozoologica. 2015. Vol. 50 (2). Pp. 123–150. (In Eng.)
Zeder М. Animal Domestication in the Zagros: An Update and Directions for Future Research // Paléorient. 1999. Vol. 25 (2). Pp. 11–25. (In Eng.)
Zeder М. The Origins of Agriculture in the Near East. Current Anthropology. 2011. Vol. 52 (4). Pp. 211–235. (In Eng.)
Опубликован
2021-03-28
Как цитировать
Марковский Г., Алишер кызы С., Шнайдер С. РАННИЕ СВИДЕТЕЛЬСТВА ПРОИЗВОДЯЩЕЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ В МАТЕРИАЛАХ ГИССАРСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ: ОБЗОР ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИХ КОНЦЕПЦИЙ // Теория и практика археологических исследований, 2021. Т. 33, № 1. С. 128-143 DOI: 10.14258/tpai(2021)1(33).-08. URL: http://journal.asu.ru/tpai/article/view/9400.
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Раздел
ЗАРУБЕЖНАЯ АРХЕОЛОГИЯ
Авторы, публикующиеся в данном журнале, соглашаются со следующими условиями:
a. Авторы сохраняют за собой права на авторство своей работы и предоставляют журналу право первой публикации этой работы с правом после публикации распространять работу на условиях лицензии Creative Commons Attribution License, которая позволяет другим лицам свободно распространять опубликованную работу с обязательной ссылокой на авторов оригинальной работы и оригинальную публикацию в этом журнале.
b. Авторы сохраняют право заключать отдельные договора на неэксклюзивное распространение работы в том виде, в котором она была опубликована этим журналом (например, размещать работу в электронном архиве учреждения или публиковать в составе монографии), с условием сохраниения ссылки на оригинальную публикацию в этом журнале. с. Политика журнала разрешает и поощряет размещение авторами в сети Интернет (например в институтском хранилище или на персональном сайте) рукописи работы как до ее подачи в редакцию, так и во время ее редакционной обработки, так как это способствует продуктивной научной дискуссии и положительно сказывается на оперативности и динамике цитирования статьи
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