ДЕТСКАЯ СМЕРТНОСТЬ У НАСЕЛЕНИЯ АНДРОНОВСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ ЛЕСОСТЕПНОГО АЛТАЯ

С.С.  Тур; О.А. Федорук; И.А. Савко

doi:10.14258/tpai(2024)36(1).-01

С.С. Тур Алтайский государственный университет Email: tursvetlana@mail.ru
О.А. Федорук Алтайский государственный университет Email: olunka.p@mail.ru
И.А. Савко Институт археологии и этнографии СО РАН Email: savko.ilia2016@yandex.ru

https://doi.org/10.14258/tpai(2024)36(1).-01

Ключевые слова: палеодемография, неонатальная смертность, постнеонатальная смертность, эпоха развитой бронзы, Алтай, андроновская культура, инфантицид, общий индекс рождаемости

Аннотация

Детская смертность является важным индикатором экономического и социального благополучия общества, тесно коррелирует с уровнем рождаемости и скоростью прироста населения. Цель данной работы — установить общий уровень и возрастную динамику детской смертности у населения андроновской (федоровской) культуры Лесостепного Алтая на основе изучения скелетных материалов из могильников Рублево-VIII, Фирсово-XIV и Чекановский Лог-2,10. Суммарная детская выборка включала 321 индивида (0–14 лет). Доля индивидов, не доживших до взрослого возраста, составляла 66%. Максимальный уровень детской смертности отмечен в возрасте до 1 года, после чего она постепенно снижалась. Высокая пропорция новорожденных, включая недоношенных, которых хоронили на одном кладбище со взрослыми, в индивидуальных могилах и в сопровождении инвентаря, свидетельствует о том, что в андроновском обществе дети считались членами социума с момента появления на свет. В соотношениине онатальной (от рождения до 1 месяца) и постнеонатальной (от 1 до 12 месяцев) смертности,которые определяются разными факторами, выявляются локально-территориальные различия. Рублево-VIII и Чекановском Логе-2, 10 неонатальная смертность превышала постнеонатальную, в Фирсово-XIV — обратное соотношение этих показателей. Вместе с тем анализ полевой документации показывает, что не все дети, погребения которых были раскопаны в перечисленных могильниках, вошли в состав исследованных выборок из-за плохой сохранности костныхостанков. С учетом последних доля индивидов, умерших в детском возрасте, могла достигать70%. Высокая детская смертность свидетельствует о высоком уровне рождаемости у населения андроновской культуры. Причины высокой смертности в неонатальный и постнеонатальный периоды остаются неясными и требуют дальнейшего изучения.

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Биографии авторов

С.С. Тур, Алтайский государственный университет

кандидат исторических наук, заведующий Кабинетом антропологии Музея археологии и этнографии Алтая

О.А. Федорук, Алтайский государственный университет

кандидат исторических наук, научный сотрудник Лаборатории междисциплинарного изучения археологии Западной Сибири и Алтая Алтайского государственного университета

И.А. Савко, Институт археологии и этнографии СО РАН

инженер-исследователь Барнаульской лаборатории археологии и этнографии Южной Сибири Института археологии и этнографии СО РАН

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