ORIGINS OF THE BURIAL TRADITIONS IN THE ANCIENT CULTURES ON THE PACIFIC COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA
Abstract
The most ancient burial complexes on the Pacific coast of South America (territories of modem Ecuador, Peru and Chile) are of highest information value for the interpretation of ritual activity and social relationships in the Archaic period cultures (10-3,500 BP). These complexes are represented by single, double, and group burials within the borders of the settlements (Paloma, Pernil Alto), ritual centers (Nanchoc), and necropolis (Las Vegas), cave contexts (Tres Ventanas), and shell mounds (Carizzal). In spite of the simplicity of burial constructions and modest character of burial toolkit, all the listed complexes demonstrate the very careful treatment of the dead persons of both gender and all ages; sophisticated manipulations with the parts of the bodies and the skeletons including natural and artificial mummifications (Chinchorro and Quiani traditions); the use of primary and secondary burial techniques. They also reflect the basic activities (fishing, hunting, and gathering), exchange contacts and conflict situations (Villa del Mar) with the neighboring groups. Most of the described elements continued to be in use in the forthcoming Formative period cultures, and up to the pre-contact times.
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