METALLURGICAL SLAGS AND ORE FRAGMENTS FROM THE KAMENNY AMBAR BRONZE AGE SETTLEMENT (SOUTHERN URALS): A KEY TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF COPPER SOURCES
Keywords:
metallurgical slags, Bronze Age, Kamenny Ambar, South Ural, copper ores, mineral inclusions
Abstract
The paper presents the characteristics of metallurgical slags and copper ore fragments from the Kamenny Ambar settlement of the Bronze Age. According to the mineral and chemical compositions we have distinguished two types of the slags: Cr-rich spinel containing olivine slags and sulfide-containing olivine slags. The Cr-rich spinel containing olivine slags are the product of oxidized ore from the copper deposits in ultramafic rocks exploited in the early Sintashta-Petrovka period the settlement functioning. The sulfide-containing olivine slags are the result of the secondary sulfide ores from the massive-sulfide, and less likely copper porphyry deposits during the latter Srubnaya-Alakul period. A similar change in the copper ore raw material type was also recorded in other Bronze Age settlements in the Southern Urals. In the Kamenny Ambar settlement and analogs, we have defined the main indicating minerals which allow us to determine the source for the Cu raw metal in historical time: Cr-rich spinels, sulfides, and tourmalines.
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Zdanovich G.B., Batanina I.M. Arkaim — «Strana gorodov». Prostranstvo i obrazy [«Country of Cities». Space and Images]. Chelyabinsk : Krokus, 2007. 260 p. (In Russ.)
Kargaly. T. I: Geologo-geograficheskie harakteristiki: Istoriya otkrytij, ekspluatacii i issledovanij: Arheologicheskie pamyatniki / sost. i nauch. red. E.N. Chernyh [Geological and Geographical Characteristics: History of Discoveries, Exploitation and Research: Archaeological Sites. Ed. E.N. Chernyh]. M. : Yazyki slavyanskoj kul’tury, 2002. 112 p. (In Russ.)
Koryakova L. N., Krauze R., Epimahov A. V., Sharapova S. V., Panteleeva S. E., Berseneva N.A., Fornas’e J., Kajzer E., Molchanov I.V., Chechushkov I.V. Arheologicheskoe issledovanie ukreplennogo poseleniya Kamennyj Ambar (Ol’gino) [Archaeological Research of the Fortified Settlement Kamenny Ambar (Olgino)]. Arheologiya, etnografiya i antropologiya Evrazii [Archaeology, Ethnography and Anthropology of Eurasia]. 2011. №4 (48). Pp. 61–74. (In Russ.)
Kuz’mina E.E. Pervaya volna migracii indoirancev na yug [The First Wave of Migration of Indo-Iranians to the South]. Vestnik drevnej istorii [Bulletin of Ancient History]. 2000. №4 (235). Pp. 3–20. (In Russ.)
Pavlov N. V. Himicheskij sostav hromshpinelidov v svyazi s petrograficheskim sostavom porod ul’traosnovnyh intruzivov [Chemical Composition of Cr-spinels in Connection with the Petrographic Composition of Rocks of Ultrabasic Intrusions]. Trudy Geologicheskogo instituta RAN [Proceedings of the Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences]. 1949. Issue 103. 91 p. (In Russ.)
Savel’ev D.E. Hromitonosnost’ giperbazitovyh massivov Yuzhnogo Urala : dis. … d-ra g.-m. nauk. Perm’, 2012. [Chromite Content of Hyperbasite Massifs of the South Urals: dis. ... Dr. G.-M. Sciences]. Perm, 2012. 313 p. (In Russian)
Skarnovo-magnetitovaya formaciya Urala: Srednij i Yuzhnyj Ural [Skarn-magnetite Formation of the Urals: Middle and South Urals]. Sverdlovsk : UrO AN SSSR, 1989. 212 p. (In Russ.)
Chernyh E.N. Drevnejshaya metallurgiya Urala i Povolzh’ya [The Most Ancient Metallurgy of the Urals and the Volga Region]. M. : Nauka, 1970. 181 p. (In Russ.)
Chernyh E. N. Formirovanie evrazijskogo «stepnogo poyasa» skotovodcheskih kul’tur: vzglyad skvoz’ prizmu arheometallurgii i radiouglerodnoj hronologii [Formation of the Eurasian «Steppe Belt» of Pastoral Cultures: a View Through the Prism of Archaeometallurgy and Radiocarbon Chronology]. Arheologiya, etnografiya i antropologiya Evrazii [Archaeology, Ethnography and Anthropology of Eurasia]. 2008. №3 (35). Pp. 36–53. (In Russ.)
Chuhareva N.S. Sravnitel’nyj analiz hromshpinelidov iz oblomkov porod i metallurgicheskih shlakov poselenij bronzovogo veka (Yuzhnyj Ural) [Comparative Analysis of Cr-spinels from Rock Fragments and Metallurgical Slags of Bronze Age Settlements (Southern Urals)]. Ural’skij mineralogicheskij sbornik [Ural Mineralogical Collection]. №16. Miass ; Ekaterinburg : IMin UrO RAN, 2009. Pp. 182–185. (In Russ.)
Sharapova S. V., Krauze R., Molchanov I. V., Shtobbe A., Soldatkin N. V. Mezhdisciplinarnye issledovaniya poseleniya Konoplyanka v Yuzhnom Zaural’e: predvaritel’nye rezul’taty [International Studies of the Konoplyanka Settlement in the South Trans-Urals: Preliminary Results]. Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Istoriya, filologiya [Bulletin of the Novosibirsk State University. Series: History, Philology]. 2014. Vol. 13. №3. Pp. 101–109. (In Russ.)
Artemyev D.A., Ankushev M.N. Trace Elements of Cu-(Fe)-Sulfide Inclusions in Bronze Age Copper Slags from South Urals and Kazakhstan: Ore Sources and Alloying Additions. Minerals. 2019. 9(12).746. DOI: 10.3390/min9120746 (In Eng.)
Belogub E.V., Novoselov K.A., Yakovleva V.A., Spiro B. Supergene Sulphides and Related Minerals in the Supergene Profiles of VHMS Deposits from the South Urals. Ore Geology Review. 2008. 33. Pp. 239–254. DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2006.03.008. (In Eng.)
Bullock L.A., Perez M., Armstrong J.G., Parnell J., Still J., Feldmann J. Selenium and Tellurium Resources in Kisgruva Proterozoic Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposit (Norway). Ore Geology Review. 2018. 99. Pp. 411–424. DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.06.023. (In Eng.)
Chechushkov I.V., Petrov F.N. The Annual Metal Production at the Late Bronze Age Sites from the Southern Urals. In: Yuminov A., Ankusheva N., Ankushev M., Zaykova E., Artemyev D. (eds) Geoarchaeology and Archaeological Mineralogy. GAM 2019. Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences. Springer, Cham. 2021. Pp. 7–19. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48864-2_2. (In Eng.)
Epimakhov A., Krause R. Relative and Absolute Chronology of the Kamennyi Ambar Settlement. Multidisciplinary Investigations of the Bronze Age Settlements in the Southern Trans-Urals (Russia). Frankfurter Archäologische Schriften 23. Bonn. 2013. Pp. 129–146. (In Eng.)
Herrington R., Maslennikov V. V., Zaykov V. V., Seravkin I. VMS Deposits of the South Urals, Russia. Ore Geology Review. 2005. V. 27. Рp. 238–239. DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2005.07.023 . (In Eng.)
Martin A.J., McDonald I., MacLeod C.J., Prichard H.M., McFall K. Extreme Enrichment of Selenium in the Apliki Cyprus-type VMS deposit, Troodos, Cyprus. Mineralogical Magazine. 2018. 82(3). Pp. 697–724. DOI: 10.1180/mgm.2018.81. (In Eng.)
Plotinskaya O.Y., Abramov S. S., Groznova E.O., Azovskova O.B., Novoselov K.A., Seltmann R., Spratt J. Precious Metals Assemblages at the Mikheevskoe Porphyry Copper Deposit (South Urals, Russia) as Proxies of Epithermal Overprinting. Ore Geology Reviews. 2018. V. 94. Pp. 239–260. DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.01.025. (In Eng.)
Puchkov V. N. General Features Relating to the Occurrence of Mineral Deposits in the Urals: What, Where, When and Why. Ore Geology Reviews. 2017. Vol. 85. Pp. 4–29. DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.01.005. (In Eng.)
Samama J.C. Ore Fields and Continental Weathering. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 1986. 326 p. (In Eng.)
Ankushev M. N., Alaeva I. P., Medvedeva P. S., Chechushkov I. V., Sharapov D. V. Mineral’nye mikrovklyucheniya v metallurgicheskih shlakah poselenij bronzovogo veka v doline r. Zingejka (Yuzhnyj Ural) [Mineral Microinclusions in Metallurgical Slags of the Bronze Age Settlements in the Valley of the Zingeyka (South Urals)]. Geoarheologiya i arheologicheskaya mineralogiya [Geoarchaeology and Archaeological Mineralogy.] 2016. Pp. 116–120. (In Russ.)
Ankushev M. N., Artem»ev D. A., Blinov I. A. Elementy-primesi v zonal’nyh olivinah metallurgicheskih shlakov bronzovogo veka na Yuzhnom Urale [Trace Elements in Zonal Olivines of Metallurgical Slags of the Bronze Age in the Southern Urals]. Mineralogiya [Mineralogy]. 2018. Vol. 4. №1. Pp. 55–67. (in Russ.)
Ankushev M. N., Yuminov A.M., Zajkov V.V., Noskevich V.V. Mednye rudniki bronzovogo veka v Yuzhnom Zaural’e [Copper Mines of the Bronze Age in the Southern Trans-Urals]. Izvestiya Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Geoarheologiya. Etnologiya. Antropologiya [Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Series: Geoarcheology. Ethnology. Anthropology]. 2018. Vol. 23. Pp. 87–110. (In Russ.) DOI:10.26516/2227-2380.2018.23.87 (In Russ.)
Blinov I. A., Ankushev M.N., Rassomahin M.A., Medvedeva P.S. Mineraly medi, nikelya i mysh’yaka v rudah Novotemirskogo proyavleniya zheleza (Yuzhnyj Ural) [Minerals of Copper, Nickel and Arsenic in the Ores of the Novotemir Iron Occurrence (South Urals)]. Mineralogiya [Mineralogy]. 2018. Vol. 4. №3. Pp. 36–45. (In Russ.)
Bushmakin A. F., Zajkov V. V. Elenovskoe medno-turmalinovoe mestorozhdenie - veroyatnyj istochnik rudy dlya medeplavil’nogo proizvodstva Arkaima [Yelenovskoe Copper-tourmaline Deposit –a Probable Source of Ore for the Copper-smelting Production of Arkaim]. Ural’skij mineralogicheskij sbornik [Ural Mineralogical Collection]. Miass : IMin UrO RAN, 1997. №7. Pp. 221–232. (In Russ.)
Vinogradov N. B. Hronologiya, soderzhanie i kul’turnaya prinadlezhnost’ pamyatnikov sintashtinskogo tipa bronzovogo veka v Yuzhnom Zaural’e [Chronology, Content, and Cultural Identity of the Sintashta Type Sites of the Bronze Age in the Southern Trans-Urals]. Vestnik ChGPI. Istoriya [ChGPI Bulletin. Story]. 1995. №1. Pp. 16–26. (In Russ.)
Grigor’ev S.A. Novye materialy k istorii metallurgii Yuzhnogo Urala [New Materials to the History of Metallurgy of the Southern Urals]. Problemy arheologii Uralo-Kazahstanskih stepej [Problems of Archaeology of the Ural-Kazakhstan Steppes]. Chelyabinsk : ChGU, 1988. Pp. 45–59. (In Russ.)
Grigor’ev S. A., Dunaev A.Yu., Zajkov V.V. Hromshpinelidy kak indikator istochnika mednyh rud dlya drevnej metallurgii [Chromium Spinels as an Indicator of the Source of Copper Ores for Ancient Metallurgy]. Doklady RAN. 2005 [Reports of RAS. 2005]. Vol. 400, №2. Pp. 228–232. (In Russ.)
Grigor’ev S.A. Metallurgicheskoe proizvodstvo v Severnoj Evrazii v epohu bronzy [Metallurgical Production in Northern Eurasia During the Bronze Age]. Chelyabinsk : Cicero, 2013. 660 p. (In Russ.)
Zajkov V. V., Yuminov A. M., Dunaev A. Yu., Zdanovich G. B., Grigor’ev S. A. Geologo-mineralogicheskie issledovaniya drevnih mednyh rudnikov na Yuzhnom Urale [Geological and Mineralogical Studies of Ancient Copper Mines in the Southern Urals]. Arheologiya, etnografiya i antropologiya Evrazii [Archaeology, Ethnography and Anthropology of Eurasia]. 2005. №4 (24). Pp. 101–114. (In Russ.)
Zajkov V. V., Melekesceva I.Yu., Artem’ev D.A., Yuminov A. M., Simonov V.A., Dunaev A.Yu. Geologiya i kolchedannoe orudenenie yuzhnogo flanga Glavnogo Ural’skogo razloma [Geology and Pyrite Mineralization of the Southern Flank of the Main Ural Fault]. Miass : IMin UrO RAN, 2009. 375 p. (In Russ.)
Zajkov V. V., Yuminov A. M., Ankushev M. N., Tkachev V. V., Noskevich V. V., Epimahov A. V. Gorno-metallurgicheskie centry bronzovogo veka v Zaural’e i Mugodzharah [Mining and Metallurgical Centers of the Bronze Age in the Trans-Urals and Mugodzhary]. Izvestiya Irkutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Geoarheologiya. Etnologiya, Antropologiya [Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Series: Geoarchaeology. Ethnology, Anthropology]. 2013. Vol. 1. Pp. 174–195. (In Russ.)
Zdanovich G.B., Batanina I.M. Arkaim — «Strana gorodov». Prostranstvo i obrazy [«Country of Cities». Space and Images]. Chelyabinsk : Krokus, 2007. 260 p. (In Russ.)
Kargaly. T. I: Geologo-geograficheskie harakteristiki: Istoriya otkrytij, ekspluatacii i issledovanij: Arheologicheskie pamyatniki / sost. i nauch. red. E.N. Chernyh [Geological and Geographical Characteristics: History of Discoveries, Exploitation and Research: Archaeological Sites. Ed. E.N. Chernyh]. M. : Yazyki slavyanskoj kul’tury, 2002. 112 p. (In Russ.)
Koryakova L. N., Krauze R., Epimahov A. V., Sharapova S. V., Panteleeva S. E., Berseneva N.A., Fornas’e J., Kajzer E., Molchanov I.V., Chechushkov I.V. Arheologicheskoe issledovanie ukreplennogo poseleniya Kamennyj Ambar (Ol’gino) [Archaeological Research of the Fortified Settlement Kamenny Ambar (Olgino)]. Arheologiya, etnografiya i antropologiya Evrazii [Archaeology, Ethnography and Anthropology of Eurasia]. 2011. №4 (48). Pp. 61–74. (In Russ.)
Kuz’mina E.E. Pervaya volna migracii indoirancev na yug [The First Wave of Migration of Indo-Iranians to the South]. Vestnik drevnej istorii [Bulletin of Ancient History]. 2000. №4 (235). Pp. 3–20. (In Russ.)
Pavlov N. V. Himicheskij sostav hromshpinelidov v svyazi s petrograficheskim sostavom porod ul’traosnovnyh intruzivov [Chemical Composition of Cr-spinels in Connection with the Petrographic Composition of Rocks of Ultrabasic Intrusions]. Trudy Geologicheskogo instituta RAN [Proceedings of the Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences]. 1949. Issue 103. 91 p. (In Russ.)
Savel’ev D.E. Hromitonosnost’ giperbazitovyh massivov Yuzhnogo Urala : dis. … d-ra g.-m. nauk. Perm’, 2012. [Chromite Content of Hyperbasite Massifs of the South Urals: dis. ... Dr. G.-M. Sciences]. Perm, 2012. 313 p. (In Russian)
Skarnovo-magnetitovaya formaciya Urala: Srednij i Yuzhnyj Ural [Skarn-magnetite Formation of the Urals: Middle and South Urals]. Sverdlovsk : UrO AN SSSR, 1989. 212 p. (In Russ.)
Chernyh E.N. Drevnejshaya metallurgiya Urala i Povolzh’ya [The Most Ancient Metallurgy of the Urals and the Volga Region]. M. : Nauka, 1970. 181 p. (In Russ.)
Chernyh E. N. Formirovanie evrazijskogo «stepnogo poyasa» skotovodcheskih kul’tur: vzglyad skvoz’ prizmu arheometallurgii i radiouglerodnoj hronologii [Formation of the Eurasian «Steppe Belt» of Pastoral Cultures: a View Through the Prism of Archaeometallurgy and Radiocarbon Chronology]. Arheologiya, etnografiya i antropologiya Evrazii [Archaeology, Ethnography and Anthropology of Eurasia]. 2008. №3 (35). Pp. 36–53. (In Russ.)
Chuhareva N.S. Sravnitel’nyj analiz hromshpinelidov iz oblomkov porod i metallurgicheskih shlakov poselenij bronzovogo veka (Yuzhnyj Ural) [Comparative Analysis of Cr-spinels from Rock Fragments and Metallurgical Slags of Bronze Age Settlements (Southern Urals)]. Ural’skij mineralogicheskij sbornik [Ural Mineralogical Collection]. №16. Miass ; Ekaterinburg : IMin UrO RAN, 2009. Pp. 182–185. (In Russ.)
Sharapova S. V., Krauze R., Molchanov I. V., Shtobbe A., Soldatkin N. V. Mezhdisciplinarnye issledovaniya poseleniya Konoplyanka v Yuzhnom Zaural’e: predvaritel’nye rezul’taty [International Studies of the Konoplyanka Settlement in the South Trans-Urals: Preliminary Results]. Vestnik Novosibirskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Istoriya, filologiya [Bulletin of the Novosibirsk State University. Series: History, Philology]. 2014. Vol. 13. №3. Pp. 101–109. (In Russ.)
Artemyev D.A., Ankushev M.N. Trace Elements of Cu-(Fe)-Sulfide Inclusions in Bronze Age Copper Slags from South Urals and Kazakhstan: Ore Sources and Alloying Additions. Minerals. 2019. 9(12).746. DOI: 10.3390/min9120746 (In Eng.)
Belogub E.V., Novoselov K.A., Yakovleva V.A., Spiro B. Supergene Sulphides and Related Minerals in the Supergene Profiles of VHMS Deposits from the South Urals. Ore Geology Review. 2008. 33. Pp. 239–254. DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2006.03.008. (In Eng.)
Bullock L.A., Perez M., Armstrong J.G., Parnell J., Still J., Feldmann J. Selenium and Tellurium Resources in Kisgruva Proterozoic Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposit (Norway). Ore Geology Review. 2018. 99. Pp. 411–424. DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.06.023. (In Eng.)
Chechushkov I.V., Petrov F.N. The Annual Metal Production at the Late Bronze Age Sites from the Southern Urals. In: Yuminov A., Ankusheva N., Ankushev M., Zaykova E., Artemyev D. (eds) Geoarchaeology and Archaeological Mineralogy. GAM 2019. Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences. Springer, Cham. 2021. Pp. 7–19. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48864-2_2. (In Eng.)
Epimakhov A., Krause R. Relative and Absolute Chronology of the Kamennyi Ambar Settlement. Multidisciplinary Investigations of the Bronze Age Settlements in the Southern Trans-Urals (Russia). Frankfurter Archäologische Schriften 23. Bonn. 2013. Pp. 129–146. (In Eng.)
Herrington R., Maslennikov V. V., Zaykov V. V., Seravkin I. VMS Deposits of the South Urals, Russia. Ore Geology Review. 2005. V. 27. Рp. 238–239. DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2005.07.023 . (In Eng.)
Martin A.J., McDonald I., MacLeod C.J., Prichard H.M., McFall K. Extreme Enrichment of Selenium in the Apliki Cyprus-type VMS deposit, Troodos, Cyprus. Mineralogical Magazine. 2018. 82(3). Pp. 697–724. DOI: 10.1180/mgm.2018.81. (In Eng.)
Plotinskaya O.Y., Abramov S. S., Groznova E.O., Azovskova O.B., Novoselov K.A., Seltmann R., Spratt J. Precious Metals Assemblages at the Mikheevskoe Porphyry Copper Deposit (South Urals, Russia) as Proxies of Epithermal Overprinting. Ore Geology Reviews. 2018. V. 94. Pp. 239–260. DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.01.025. (In Eng.)
Puchkov V. N. General Features Relating to the Occurrence of Mineral Deposits in the Urals: What, Where, When and Why. Ore Geology Reviews. 2017. Vol. 85. Pp. 4–29. DOI: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.01.005. (In Eng.)
Samama J.C. Ore Fields and Continental Weathering. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 1986. 326 p. (In Eng.)
Published
2021-03-25
How to Cite
Ankushev M., Zaykov V., Molchanov I. V., Koryakova L., Panteleyeva S. E., Yuminov A. METALLURGICAL SLAGS AND ORE FRAGMENTS FROM THE KAMENNY AMBAR BRONZE AGE SETTLEMENT (SOUTHERN URALS): A KEY TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF COPPER SOURCES // THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH, 2021. Vol. 33, № 1. P. 34-57 DOI: 10.14258/tpai(2021)33(1).-03. URL: http://journal.asu.ru/tpai/article/view/9364.
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SCIENTIFIC METHODS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH
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