К ВОПРОСУ О РОЛИ И ВОЗМОЖНОСТЯХ АРХЕОЛОГИИ ПРИ ИЗУЧЕНИИ ДРЕВНИХ ПИСЬМЕННЫХ ОБЩЕСТВ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЕГИПТОЛОГИИ)

  • М.А. Лебедев Институт востоковедения РАН Email: maximlebedev@mail.ru
Ключевые слова: египтология, археология, история, антропология, историческая археология, археологическая теория

Аннотация

В статье анализируется дискуссия о роли и возможностях археологии при изучении такого письменного общества, как древнеегипетское. Приводится краткий обзор истории развития египетской археологии, которая условно делится на три этапа: антикварианизм, типологический и контекстуальный, — а также обсуждаются ее связи с историей и антропологией. Отмечается, что на протяжении долгого времени египетская археология находится в зависимости от текстоцентричной парадигмы, в рамках которой археологические данные рассматриваются главным образом как вспомогательный материал для реконструкций, основанных на письменных источниках. Лишь на контекстуальном этапе своего развития, начавшемся в 1960-х гг. на фоне быстрого роста числа археологических источников при замедлении поступления новых текстов, египетская археология стала укреплять свой статус как самостоятельная дисциплина в рамках египтологии. Среди главных особенностей археологического изучения Древнего Египта выделяются три: слабое развитие поселенческой археологии, малое число профессиональных египтологов и относительно невысокий уровень специализации. Они способствовали, по мнению автора, теоретическому отставанию египетской археологии, в том числе в обсуждении возможных механизмов согласования письменных и археологических свидетельств. В настоящий момент в египтологии зарождается своя теоретическая археология, учитывающая специфику древнеегипетских источников. Несмотря на сохраняющийся текстоцентризм, усиливается представление об условности границы между текстом и материальной культурой, все чаще египтологи обсуждают вопросы археологической герменевтики. Перспективы развития дисциплины связываются с углублением междисциплинарной интеграции, а также расширением применения теоретических моделей и сравнительных исследований.

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Биография автора

М.А. Лебедев, Институт востоковедения РАН

кандидат исторических наук, старший научный сотрудник Института востоковедения РАН

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Опубликован
2026-07-27
Как цитировать
Лебедев М. К ВОПРОСУ О РОЛИ И ВОЗМОЖНОСТЯХ АРХЕОЛОГИИ ПРИ ИЗУЧЕНИИ ДРЕВНИХ ПИСЬМЕННЫХ ОБЩЕСТВ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ЕГИПТОЛОГИИ) // Теория и практика археологических исследований, 2026. Т. 38, № 2. С. 26-61 DOI: 10.14258/tpai(2026)38(2).-02. URL: https://journal.asu.ru/tpai/article/view/19956.
Раздел
ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ И МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ АРХЕОЛОГИИ