ФОРМЫ ОЛОВЯННОЙ ТОРГОВЛИ В БРОНЗОВОМ ВЕКЕ СЕВЕРНОЙ ЕВРАЗИИ

С.А. Григорьев

doi:10.14258/10.14258/tpai(2026)38(3).-03

С.А. Григорьев Институт истории и археологии УрО РАН Email: stgrig@mail.ru

https://doi.org/10.14258/10.14258/tpai(2026)38(3).-03

Ключевые слова: бронзовый век, оловянная торговля, примеси свинца, «оловянная чума»

Аннотация

Использование сплавов с оловом привело к колоссальным изменениям в металлургическом производстве, а за счет его редкости — к масштабным поставкам олова на значительные расстояния. Однако у нас крайне мало данных о том, каким образом осуществлялись эти поставки. Статистическая обработка результатов анализа оловянных бронз Европы и Северной Евразии выявила, что рост содержания олова сопровождается ростом содержания свинца, хотя эта зависимость не очень строгая. Анализ имеющегося материала показал, что существовало два основных способа легирования: бронзой с более высоким содержанием олова, чем в изде-лиях, и оловом с примесью свинца. Эта ситуация объясняется тем, что при температурах ниже +13,2 °C металлическое β-олово начинает переходить в серую α-фазу и рассыпается в порошок.

Добавки свинца существенно замедляют этот процесс и предотвращают металл от разложения.

Эта рецептура возникает в Юго-В осточной Анатолии в III тыс. до н.э., откуда она достаточно рано проникает в Европу. Но наиболее заметно ее использование в регионах с более низкими температурами, особенно в Северной Евразии. В Китае добавки свинца к олову практиковались уже к началу шанского времени. Повсеместное распространение этой рецептуры делает невозможным использование изотопии свинца для определения происхождения меди, сплавленной с легирующим компонентом данного состава.

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Биография автора

С.А. Григорьев, Институт истории и археологии УрО РАН

кандидат исторических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник Института истории и археологии УрО РАН

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