ORNITHOLOGICAL RADAR OBSERVATIONS: BRIEF REVIEW OF STATIONARY AND MOBILE DEVICES
Abstract
Nowadays, when high speeds and high concentration of different aircraft in the atmosphere could exict, the problem of flight safety, particularly in areas with a complex ornithological situation has special importance. Frequent collisions with the birds often lead to air crashes and inflict great damage. Information about large concentrations of birds received the traditional methods of visual observation and at a considerable distance from the airways, can not meet the needs of airport dispatchers. Using different radars for bird surveys can solve this problem. There are quite a large number of radars with various types and designs, which differ in their abilities to record the radar reflections from the birds to determine the height of their flights, directions and speeds.
In this paper, we present a short review of different, relatively modern types of radar, the use of which can significantly improve air safety and provide ornithologists with invaluable information regarding the characteristics of the bird flight. Using the radar in ornithological studies in conditions of former CIS countries is rather an expensive process that requires skilled technical and scientific personnel. However, we suppose that the modern scientist should know about all the existing technical means and methods of radar research.
Keywords: radar, ornithology, review, mobile systems.
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References
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REFERENCES
Alfia, H. (1995). Surveillance radar data on nocturnal bird migration over Israel, 1989-1993. Israel J. Zoology. 41(3), 517-522.
Batschelet, E. (1981). Circular statistics in biology. Academic Press, London.
Bruderer, B. (1982). Do migrating birds fly along straight lines? In: Papi F., Wallraff H.G. (Eds.) Avian navigation. Springer. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.
Bruderer, B. (1994). Radar studies on nocturnal bird migration in the Negev. Ostrich. 65, 204-212.
Bruderer, B. (1997). The study of bird migration by radar. Part I-II. Naturwissen-Schaften. 84, 30-45.
Bruderer, B., Leichti, F. (1995). Variation in density and height distribution of nocturnal migration in the south of Israel. Israel J. Zoology. 41(3), 477-489.
Bruderer, B., Steigender, P. (1972). Methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis of bird migration with a tracking radar. NASA SP-262, Animal orientation and navigation.
Bruderer, B., Steuri, T., Baumgarthner, M. (1972). Short-range high-precision surveillance of nocturnal migration and tracking of single targets. Ibidem.
Bruderer, B. (1997). The study of bird migration by radar - Part 1: The technical basis. Naturewissenschaften. 84, 1-8.
Buurma, L.S. (1995). Long-range surveillance radars as indicators of bird numbers aloft. Israel J. Zoology. 41(3), 221-237.
Cohen, B., Williams, T.C. (1980). Short-range corrections for migrant bird tracks on search radars. J Field Ornith. 51, 248-253.
Cooper, B. A., Day, R.H., Ritchie, R.J., Cranor, C.L. (1991). An improved marine radar system for studies of bird migration. J. Field Ornith. 62, 367-377.
Desholm, M. (2003). How much do small-scale changes in flight direction increase overall migration distance? Journal of Avian Biology. 34, 155-158.
Drury, W.H., Nisbet, I.C.T. (1964). Radar studies of orientation of songbird migrants in south-eastern New England. Bird Banding. 35, 69-119.
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Нarmata, A.R., Leighty, G.R., O'Neil, E.L. (2003). A vehicle-mounted radar for dual-purpose monitoring of birds. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 31, 882-886.
Harmata, A.R., Podruzny, K.M., Zelenak, J.R., Morrison, M.L. (1999). Using marine surveillance radar to study bird movements and impact assessment. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 27, 44-52.
Huppop, O., Dierschke, J., Exo, K., Fredrick, E., Hill, R. (2006). Bird migration studies and potential collision risk with offshore wind turbines. Ibis. 146, 90-109.
Kahlert, J., Petersen, I.K., Fox, A.D., Desholm, M., Clausager, I. (2004). Investigations of birds during construction and operation of Nysted offshore wind farm at Rodsand. Annual status report. NERI report for Energy E2 A/S. Rønde, Denmark.
Konrad, T.G., Hicks, J.J., Dobson, E.B. (1968). Radar characteristics of birds in flight. Science. 159, 274-280.
Krijgsveld, K.L., Lensink, R., Schekkerman, H., Wiersma, P., Poot, M.J.M., Meesters, E.H.W.G., Dirksen, S. (2005). Baseline studies North Sea wind farms: fluxes, flight paths and altitudes of flying birds 2003-2004. Netherlands: Bureau Waardenburg bv, Culemborg.
Larkin, R.P. (1991). Flight speeds observed with radar, a correction: slow 'birds' are insects. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 29, 221-224.
Larkin, R.P., Eisenberg, L. A. (1978). A method for automatically detecting birds on radar. Bird-Banding. 49, 172-181.
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Nisbet, I.C.T. (1963). Quantitative study of migration with 23-centimeter radar. Ibis. 105 (4), 435-460.
Peckford, M.L., Taylor, P.D. (2008). Within night correlations between radar and ground counts of migrating songbirds. Journal of Field Ornithology. 79, 207-214.
Petersen, I.K., Christensen, T.K., Kahlert, J., Desholm, M., Fox, A.D. (2006). Final results of bird studies at the offshore wind farms at Nysted and Horns Rev, Denmark. NERI report for DONG energy and Vattenfall A/S. Rønde, Denmark.
Richardson, W.J. (1978). Autumn landbird migration over the western Atlantic Ocean as evident from radar. Proceedings of the 17th Int. Ornithological Congress:Berlin.
Ruth, J.M. (2007). Applying radar technology to migratory bird conservation and management: strengthening and expanding a collaborative: U.S. Geological Survey 2007. Report number 2007-1361.
Schmaljohann, H., Liechti, F., Bächler, E., Steuri, T., Bruderer, B. (2008). Quantification of bird migration by radar – a detection probability problem. Ibis. 150 (2), 342-355.
Tulp, I., Schekkerman, H., Larsen, J.K., van der Winden, J., van der Haterd, R.J., van Horssen, W.P., Dirsken, S., Spaans, A.L. (1999). Nocturnal flight activity of sea ducks near the windfarm Tuno Knob in the Kattegat. Prepared for Novem, Ultrecht, Netherlands. Bureau Waardenburg bv, Culemborg, Netherlands.
van Gasteren, H. van Belle, J., Buurma, L.S. 2002. Kwantificering van vogelbewegingen langs de kust bij IJmuiden: een radarstudie. Koninklijke Luchtmacht, Den Haag.
Williams, T.C., Settel, J., O'Mahoney, P., Williams, J.M. (1972). An ornithological radar. American Birds. 26, 555-557.
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