Аннотация
В век высоких скоростей и большой концентрации различных летательных аппаратов в атмосфере, проблема безопасности авиаполетов, особенно в местах со сложной орнитологической обстановкой, приобретает особую значимость. Участившиеся столкновения с птицами нередко приводят к авиакатастрофам и причиняют большой ущерб. Информация о больших скоплениях птиц, получаемая традиционными методами визуального наблюдения и на значительном расстоянии от воздушных трасс, не может обеспечить потребности диспетчерских служб аэропортов. Использование различных радиолокаторов для наблюдения за птицами позволяет решить эту задачу. Существует довольно большое количество различных типов и конструкций радаров, которые отличаются по своим способностям регистрировать отражения от птиц, определять высоту их полетов, скорости перемещений и т.д.
В настоящей статье мы приводим обзор различных, наиболее современных типов радаров, использование которых может существенно повысить безопасность полетов и снабдить ученых-орнитологов бесценной информацией относительно полетных характеристик птиц. Использование радаров в орнитологических исследованиях, применительно к условиям стран бывшего СНГ – процесс дорогостоящий, требующий подготовленного технического и научного персонала. Тем не менее, современный ученый должен знать обо всех существующих технических средствах и методах исследований.
Ключевые слова: радар, орнитология, обзор, мобильные комплексы.
Литература
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Batschelet, E. Circular statistics in biology. Academic Press, London. – 1981. – 272 pp.
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Bruderer B. The study of bird migration by radar. Part I-II // Naturwissen-Schaften. – 1997. - 84. – p. 30-45.
Bruderer B., Leichti F. Variation in density and height distribution of nocturnal migration in the south of Israel // Israel J. Zoology. – 1995. - 41(3). – p. 477-489.
Bruderer B., Steigender P. Methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis of bird migration with a tracking radar // NASA SP-262, Animal orientation and navigation. – 1972. – p. 151-162.
Bruderer B., Steuri T., Baumgarthner M. Short-range high-precision surveillance of nocturnal migration and tracking of single targets // Ibidem. – p. 207-221.
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REFERENCES
Alfia, H. (1995). Surveillance radar data on nocturnal bird migration over Israel, 1989-1993. Israel J. Zoology. 41(3), 517-522.
Batschelet, E. (1981). Circular statistics in biology. Academic Press, London.
Bruderer, B. (1982). Do migrating birds fly along straight lines? In: Papi F., Wallraff H.G. (Eds.) Avian navigation. Springer. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.
Bruderer, B. (1994). Radar studies on nocturnal bird migration in the Negev. Ostrich. 65, 204-212.
Bruderer, B. (1997). The study of bird migration by radar. Part I-II. Naturwissen-Schaften. 84, 30-45.
Bruderer, B., Leichti, F. (1995). Variation in density and height distribution of nocturnal migration in the south of Israel. Israel J. Zoology. 41(3), 477-489.
Bruderer, B., Steigender, P. (1972). Methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis of bird migration with a tracking radar. NASA SP-262, Animal orientation and navigation.
Bruderer, B., Steuri, T., Baumgarthner, M. (1972). Short-range high-precision surveillance of nocturnal migration and tracking of single targets. Ibidem.
Bruderer, B. (1997). The study of bird migration by radar - Part 1: The technical basis. Naturewissenschaften. 84, 1-8.
Buurma, L.S. (1995). Long-range surveillance radars as indicators of bird numbers aloft. Israel J. Zoology. 41(3), 221-237.
Cohen, B., Williams, T.C. (1980). Short-range corrections for migrant bird tracks on search radars. J Field Ornith. 51, 248-253.
Cooper, B. A., Day, R.H., Ritchie, R.J., Cranor, C.L. (1991). An improved marine radar system for studies of bird migration. J. Field Ornith. 62, 367-377.
Desholm, M. (2003). How much do small-scale changes in flight direction increase overall migration distance? Journal of Avian Biology. 34, 155-158.
Drury, W.H., Nisbet, I.C.T. (1964). Radar studies of orientation of songbird migrants in south-eastern New England. Bird Banding. 35, 69-119.
Eastwood E. (1967). Radar Ornithology. London: Methuen & Co.
Edwards, J., Houghton, E.W. (1959). Radar echoing area polar. Diagrams of birds. Nature. 184, 46-92.
Gania, I.M., Zubkov, N.I., Kotiatsy, M.I. (1991). Radar ornithology. Kishinev; Shtiintsa.
Gauthreaux, S.A. (1994). Radar Ornithology - Tracking Migrations by radar. Wildbird.
Gauthreaux, S.A. (1970). Wind and the direction of nocturnal songbird migration. Nature. 228, 476-477.
Нarmata, A.R., Leighty, G.R., O'Neil, E.L. (2003). A vehicle-mounted radar for dual-purpose monitoring of birds. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 31, 882-886.
Harmata, A.R., Podruzny, K.M., Zelenak, J.R., Morrison, M.L. (1999). Using marine surveillance radar to study bird movements and impact assessment. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 27, 44-52.
Huppop, O., Dierschke, J., Exo, K., Fredrick, E., Hill, R. (2006). Bird migration studies and potential collision risk with offshore wind turbines. Ibis. 146, 90-109.
Kahlert, J., Petersen, I.K., Fox, A.D., Desholm, M., Clausager, I. (2004). Investigations of birds during construction and operation of Nysted offshore wind farm at Rodsand. Annual status report. NERI report for Energy E2 A/S. Rønde, Denmark.
Konrad, T.G., Hicks, J.J., Dobson, E.B. (1968). Radar characteristics of birds in flight. Science. 159, 274-280.
Krijgsveld, K.L., Lensink, R., Schekkerman, H., Wiersma, P., Poot, M.J.M., Meesters, E.H.W.G., Dirksen, S. (2005). Baseline studies North Sea wind farms: fluxes, flight paths and altitudes of flying birds 2003-2004. Netherlands: Bureau Waardenburg bv, Culemborg.
Larkin, R.P. (1991). Flight speeds observed with radar, a correction: slow 'birds' are insects. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 29, 221-224.
Larkin, R.P., Eisenberg, L. A. (1978). A method for automatically detecting birds on radar. Bird-Banding. 49, 172-181.
Matsyura, A.V. (2005). Use of various radars in ornithological research. Bulletin Dnepropetrovsk University. Biology, Ecology. 3(1), 159-164.
Nisbet, I.C.T. (1963). Measurements with radar of the nocturnal migration over Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Bird Banding. 34, 57-67.
Nisbet, I.C.T. (1963). Quantitative study of migration with 23-centimeter radar. Ibis. 105 (4), 435-460.
Peckford, M.L., Taylor, P.D. (2008). Within night correlations between radar and ground counts of migrating songbirds. Journal of Field Ornithology. 79, 207-214.
Petersen, I.K., Christensen, T.K., Kahlert, J., Desholm, M., Fox, A.D. (2006). Final results of bird studies at the offshore wind farms at Nysted and Horns Rev, Denmark. NERI report for DONG energy and Vattenfall A/S. Rønde, Denmark.
Richardson, W.J. (1978). Autumn landbird migration over the western Atlantic Ocean as evident from radar. Proceedings of the 17th Int. Ornithological Congress:Berlin.
Ruth, J.M. (2007). Applying radar technology to migratory bird conservation and management: strengthening and expanding a collaborative: U.S. Geological Survey 2007. Report number 2007-1361.
Schmaljohann, H., Liechti, F., Bächler, E., Steuri, T., Bruderer, B. (2008). Quantification of bird migration by radar – a detection probability problem. Ibis. 150 (2), 342-355.
Tulp, I., Schekkerman, H., Larsen, J.K., van der Winden, J., van der Haterd, R.J., van Horssen, W.P., Dirsken, S., Spaans, A.L. (1999). Nocturnal flight activity of sea ducks near the windfarm Tuno Knob in the Kattegat. Prepared for Novem, Ultrecht, Netherlands. Bureau Waardenburg bv, Culemborg, Netherlands.
van Gasteren, H. van Belle, J., Buurma, L.S. 2002. Kwantificering van vogelbewegingen langs de kust bij IJmuiden: een radarstudie. Koninklijke Luchtmacht, Den Haag.
Williams, T.C., Settel, J., O'Mahoney, P., Williams, J.M. (1972). An ornithological radar. American Birds. 26, 555-557.
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