ВОСПРИЯТИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ КЛИМАТА ЭКСПЕРТНЫМ СООБЩЕСТВОМ ВНУТРИКОНТИНЕНТАЛЬНЫХ ГОРНЫХ РЕГИОНОВ МОНГОЛИИ: РОЛЬ В ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ И АДАПТАЦИИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ
Статья боковой панели
Опубликован:
ноя 19, 2025
Ключевые слова:
восприятие климатических изменений, экологическая ситуация, риски хозяйственной деятельности, таяние ледников, общественное сознание, Монгольский Алтай
Основное содержание статьи
С.Г. Максимова
Email: svet-maximova@yandex.ru
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4613-4966
Д.А. Омельченко
Email: daria.omelchenko@mail.ru
С.А. Малявко
Email: malyavkosofya@mail.ru
Аннотация
Статья посвящена анализу восприятия климатических проблем, их встраивания в общую повестку социально-экономического развития регионов, отражающих состояние природных и социально-экологических систем, изменениям, происходящих в общественном сознании населения и позволяющих оценить стратегии и факторы адаптации населения.
Эмпирическую базу исследования составили результаты экспертного опроса в рамках глубинных интервью в трех аймаках Монголии представителей государственной власти (администраций), сотрудников управления природных ресурсов, климатических центров и скотоводов (2024 год, Баян-Улгийский аймак, Ховдский аймак, Увсский аймак, N=48).
Наибольшие проблемы наблюдаются в сельской местности, где изменения климата накладываются на особенности социально-экономического развития в пост-транзитный период. После десятилетий плановой экономики с четкой специализацией скотоводов, распределенными пастбищами, планируемыми объемами выпускаемой сельскохозяйственной продукции и существенной поддержкой государства, либерализация экономики, развитие рыночных отношений и приватизация коллективных хозяйств в 1990-х, с одной стороны, привели к трансформации жизни скотоводческих хозяйств, их автономизации, особенно в отдаленных районах, с другой, способствовали значительному увеличению национального поголовья скота и изменению его структуры (в сторону повышения поголовья коз, шерсть которых используется для производства кашемира).
Показано, что изменения климата монгольским экспертным сообществом оцениваются однозначно, для регионов зон высокогорья, в которых наблюдается интенсивное таяние ледников, последствия климатических изменений неотвратимы и являются предметом обсуждения представителями государственной власти, сотрудниками управления природных ресурсов, климатических центров и скотоводами.
Выявлено, что во всех трех аймаках Монголии население ощущает серьезные последствия климатических изменений, которые затрагивают их здоровье, сельское хозяйство и образ жизни.
Основные проблемы включают непредсказуемые сезоны, дефицит воды, ухудшение состояния пастбищ, загрязнение воздуха и нехватку медицинских и инфраструктурных ресурсов.
Результаты исследования показывают, что изменения климата наслаиваются на социально-экономические проблемы, которые, вероятно, будут усугубляться по мере роста негативных последствий климатических рисков.
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Как цитировать
Максимова, С., Омельченко, Д., Максимова, В., & Малявко, С. (2025). ВОСПРИЯТИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ КЛИМАТА ЭКСПЕРТНЫМ СООБЩЕСТВОМ ВНУТРИКОНТИНЕНТАЛЬНЫХ ГОРНЫХ РЕГИОНОВ МОНГОЛИИ: РОЛЬ В ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ И АДАПТАЦИИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ. Society and Security Insights, 8(3), 13-38. https://doi.org/10.14258/SSI(2025)3-01
Раздел
ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ И БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ В СТРАНАХ АЗИАТСКОГО РЕГИОНА
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Литература
Бадараев Д. Д. Традиционные хозяйственные практики монголоязычных номадов: скотоводство на сопредельных территориях Монголии и России // Вестник Института социологии. 2016. № 3 (18). С. 175-194.
Ганюшкин Д. А., Отгонбаяр Д., Чистяков К. В., Кунаева Е. П., Волков И. В. Современное оледенение хребта Цамбагарав (северо‑западная Монголия) и его изменение с максимума малого ледникового периода // Лед и Снег. 2016. Т. 56. № 4. С. 437-452. DOI: 10.15356/2076-6734-2016-4-437-452.
Гомбожапов А. Д. Анклав номадизма: монгольские кочевники в меняющейся современности // Ойкумена. Регионоведческие исследования. 2017. № 2 (41). С. 29-36.
Михалев А. В. «Мягкая сила» современной Монголии и приграничные регионы России // Россия и современный мир. 2014. № 1 (82). С. 93-101.
Рэгдэл Д., Дугаржав Ч., Гунин П. Д. Экологические требования к социально-экономическому развитию Монголии в условиях аридизации климата // Аридные экосистемы. 2012. Т. 18. № 1 (50). С. 5-17.
Сыромятина М. В., Курочкин Ю. Н., Чистяков К. В., Аюурзана Ч. Современное состояние и изменения ледников горного массива Табын-Богдо-Ола (Монголия) // Лед и снег. 2014. Т. 54. № 3. С. 31-38.
Сэр-Од Ц., Гансух Я., Аюурзана Ч., Гурвандаваа Б., Отгонзориг А. Исследование вечной мерзлоты гор Монгольского Алтая (на примере Цагааннуур, басейн) // Природные условия, история и культура Западной Монголии и сопредельных регионов. 2015. С. 147-150.
Терентьев В. И. Городская идентичность современных монгольских кочевников // Известия лаборатории древних технологий. 2020. Т. 16. № 3 (36). С. 141-149.
Энхтувшин Б., Курас Л. В., Цыбенов Б. Д. Глобализация и традиционное скотоводство монгольских кочевников // Гуманитарный вектор. Серия: Филология, востоковедение. 2013. № 4 (36). С. 235-243.
Bruegger R. A., Jigjsuren O., Fernández-Giménez, M. E. Herder observations of rangeland change in Mongolia: indicators, causes, and application to community-based management // Rangeland Ecology & Management. 2014. Vol. 67. No. 2. P. 119-131.
Dagvadorj D., Batjargal Z., Natsagdorj L., eds. Mongolia Second Assessment Report on Climate Change 2014. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: Mongolian Ministry of Environment and Green Development, 2014.
Dashtseren A. Permafrost in Mongolia // The Physical Geography of Mongolia. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. P. 119-133.
Davaa G. Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Mongolia // Proceedings of Consultative Meeting on Integration of Climate Change Adaptation into Sustainable Development in Mongolia, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), 2010. P. 30-36.
Gardelle L., Zhao Z. Being a herder in contemporary Mongolia: Nomadic identity and nationhood building at school // Asian Ethnicity. 2019. Vol. 20. No, 3. P. 364-385.
Goulden C. E., Mead J., Horwitz R., Goulden M., Nandintsetseg B., McCormick S. et al. Interviews of Mongolian herders and high resolution precipitation data reveal an increase in short heavy rains and thunderstorm activity in semi-arid Mongolia // Climatic Change. 2016. Vol. 136. P. 281-295.
Hock R., Huss M. Glaciers and climate change // Climate change. Elsevier, 2021. P. 157-176.
Jigjsuren O., Baival B., Nayanaa K., Jargalsaikhan A., Dash K., Badamkhand B. et al. Evaluating the impact of climate change based on herders' observations and comparing it with hydro-climatic and remote sensing data // Proceedings of Building resilience of Mongolian rangelands: a trans-disciplinary research conference. 2015. June 9-10, Colorado State University. Libraries.
Kamp U., Krumwiede B., McManigal K., Pan C., Walther M., Dashtseren A. The glaciers of Mongolia // INSTAAR Occas. Pap. 2013. No. 61.
Karthe D., Chalov S., Borchardt D. Water Resources and Their Management in Central Asia in the Early Twenty First Century: Status, Challenges and Future Prospects // Environmental Earth Science. 2015. Vol. 73. С. 487-499. DOI: 10.1007/s12665-014-3789-1.
Khishigbayar J., Fernández-Giménez M. E., Angerer J. P., Reid R. S., Chantsallkham J., Baasandorj Y., Zumberelmaa D. Mongolian rangelands at a tipping point? Biomass and cover are stable but composition shifts and richness declines after 20 years of grazing and increasing temperatures // Journal of Arid Environments. 2015. Vol. 115. P. 100-112.
Lu N., Wilske B., Ni J., John R., Chen J. Climate change in Inner Mongolia from 1955 to 2005—trends at regional, biome and local scales // Environmental Research Letters. 2009. Vol. 4. No, 4. P. 045006. URL: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045006.
Myadar O. Mobility and displacement: Nomadism, identity and postcolonial narratives in Mongolia. Routledge, 2020.
Myagmarsuren A., Galtbayar S. Climate Change Impact on Social and Economic Sectors in Mongolia // Environmental Science and Technology International Conference (ESTIC 2021). 2021. P. 42-47. Atlantis Press.
Nandintsetseg B., Boldgiv B., Chang J., Ciais P., Davaanyam E., Batbold A. et al. Risk and vulnerability of Mongolian grasslands under climate change // Environmental Research Letters. 2021. Vol. 16. No. 3. 034035.
Nanzad L., Zhang J., Tuvdendorj B., Nabil M., Zhang S., Bai Y. NDVI anomaly for drought monitoring and its correlation with climate factors over Mongolia from 2000 to 2016 // Journal of Arid Environments. 2019. Vol. 164. P. 69-77.
Oerlemans, J. Glaciers and climate change. CRC Press, 2001.
Orkhonselenge A., Harbor J. M. Impacts of modern glacier changes on surface water resources in western and northern Mongolia // Journal of Water Resource and Protection. 2018. Vol. 10. No. 06. P. 559-570.
Sainnemekh S., Barrio I. C., Densambuu B., Bestelmeyer B., Aradóttir Á. L. Rangeland degradation in Mongolia: A systematic review of the evidence // Journal of Arid Environments. 2022. Vol. 196. 104654.
Tibig L. Climate Change in the Asian Region, including Mongolia // Global Warming of 1.5 ºC - Do We Still Have Time? Outreach Event on IPCC Work and Findings. Available at: https://apps.ipcc.ch/outreach/aboutevent.php?q=453.
Ulambayar T., Fernández-Giménez M. E. How community-based rangeland management achieves positive social outcomes in Mongolia: A moderated mediation analysis // Land Use Policy. 2019. Vol. 82. P. 93-104.
Venable N. B. H. Hydroclimatological data and analyses from a headwaters region of Mongolia as boundary objects in interdisciplinary climate change research // Frontiers of Earth Science. 2017. Vol. 11. P. 457-468.
Venable N. B., Fassnacht S. R., Hendricks A. D., Action N. Spatial changes in climate across Mongolia // Proceedings of Building Resilience of Mongolian Rangelands: A Trans-Disciplinary Research Conference. 2015. June 9-10, Colorado State University. Libraries.
Yembuu B. Mongolian nomads: Effects of globalization and social change // Everyday Knowledge, Education and Sustainable Futures: Transdisciplinary Approaches in the Asia-Pacific Region. 2016. P. 89-105.
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Goulden, C. E., Mead, J., Horwitz, R., Goulden, M., Nandintsetseg, B., McCormick, S., et al. (2016). Interviews of Mongolian herders and high resolution precipitation data reveal an increase in short heavy rains and thunderstorm activity in semi-arid Mongolia. Climatic Change, 136, 281–295.
Hock, R., & Huss, M. (2021). Glaciers and climate change. In Climate change (pp. 157–176). Elsevier.
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Kamp, U., Krumwiede, B., McManigal, K., Pan, C., Walther, M., & Dashtseren, A. (2013). The glaciers of Mongolia. INSTAAR Occasional Paper, (61).
Karthe, D., Chalov, S., & Borchardt, D. (2015). Water resources and their management in Central Asia in the early twenty first century: Status, challenges and future prospects. Environmental Earth Science, 73, 487–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3789-1
Khishigbayar, J., Fernández-Giménez, M. E., Angerer, J. P., Reid, R. S., Chantsallkham, J., Baasandorj, Y., & Zumberelmaa, D. (2015). Mongolian rangelands at a tipping point? Biomass and cover are stable but composition shifts and richness declines after 20 years of grazing and increasing temperatures. Journal of Arid Environments, 115, 100–112.
Lu, N., Wilske, B., Ni, J., John, R., & Chen, J. (2009). Climate change in Inner Mongolia from 1955 to 2005 – Trends at regional, biome and local scales. Environmental Research Letters, 4(4), 045006. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045006
Myadar, O. (2020). Mobility and displacement: Nomadism, identity and postcolonial narratives in Mongolia. Routledge.
Myagmarsuren, A., & Galtbayar, S. (2021). Climate change impact on social and economic sectors in Mongolia. In Environmental Science and Technology International Conference (ESTIC 2021) (pp. 42–47). Atlantis Press.
Nandintsetseg, B., Boldgiv, B., Chang, J., Ciais, P., Davaanyam, E., Batbold, A., et al. (2021). Risk and vulnerability of Mongolian grasslands under climate change. Environmental Research Letters, 16(3), 034035.
Nanzad, L., Zhang, J., Tuvdendorj, B., Nabil, M., Zhang, S., & Bai, Y. (2019). NDVI anomaly for drought monitoring and its correlation with climate factors over Mongolia from 2000 to 2016. Journal of Arid Environments, 164, 69–77.
Oerlemans, J. (2001). Glaciers and climate change. CRC Press.
Orkhonselenge, A., & Harbor, J. M. (2018). Impacts of modern glacier changes on surface water resources in western and northern Mongolia. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 10(6), 559–570.
Sainnemekh, S., Barrio, I. C., Densambuu, B., Bestelmeyer, B., & Aradóttir, Á. L. R. (2022). Rangeland degradation in Mongolia: A systematic review of the evidence. Journal of Arid Environments, 196, 104654.
Tibig, L. (n.d.). Climate change in the Asian region, including Mongolia. In Global warming of 1.5 ºC - Do we still have time? Outreach event on IPCC work and findings. URL: https://apps.ipcc.ch/outreach/aboutevent.php?q=453
Ulambayar, T., & Fernández-Giménez, M. E. (2019). How community-based rangeland management achieves positive social outcomes in Mongolia: A moderated mediation analysis. Land Use Policy, 82, 93–104.
Venable, N. B. H. (2017). Hydroclimatological data and analyses from a headwaters region of Mongolia as boundary objects in interdisciplinary climate change research. Frontiers of Earth Science, 11, 457–468.
Venable, N. B., Fassnacht, S. R., Hendricks, A. D., & Action, N. (2015). Spatial changes in climate across Mongolia. In Proceedings of Building Resilience of Mongolian Rangelands: A Trans-Disciplinary Research Conference (June 9-10). Colorado State University Libraries.
Yembuu, B. (2016). Mongolian nomads: Effects of globalization and social change. In Everyday knowledge, education and sustainable futures: Transdisciplinary approaches in the Asia-Pacific region (pp. 89–105).
Ганюшкин Д. А., Отгонбаяр Д., Чистяков К. В., Кунаева Е. П., Волков И. В. Современное оледенение хребта Цамбагарав (северо‑западная Монголия) и его изменение с максимума малого ледникового периода // Лед и Снег. 2016. Т. 56. № 4. С. 437-452. DOI: 10.15356/2076-6734-2016-4-437-452.
Гомбожапов А. Д. Анклав номадизма: монгольские кочевники в меняющейся современности // Ойкумена. Регионоведческие исследования. 2017. № 2 (41). С. 29-36.
Михалев А. В. «Мягкая сила» современной Монголии и приграничные регионы России // Россия и современный мир. 2014. № 1 (82). С. 93-101.
Рэгдэл Д., Дугаржав Ч., Гунин П. Д. Экологические требования к социально-экономическому развитию Монголии в условиях аридизации климата // Аридные экосистемы. 2012. Т. 18. № 1 (50). С. 5-17.
Сыромятина М. В., Курочкин Ю. Н., Чистяков К. В., Аюурзана Ч. Современное состояние и изменения ледников горного массива Табын-Богдо-Ола (Монголия) // Лед и снег. 2014. Т. 54. № 3. С. 31-38.
Сэр-Од Ц., Гансух Я., Аюурзана Ч., Гурвандаваа Б., Отгонзориг А. Исследование вечной мерзлоты гор Монгольского Алтая (на примере Цагааннуур, басейн) // Природные условия, история и культура Западной Монголии и сопредельных регионов. 2015. С. 147-150.
Терентьев В. И. Городская идентичность современных монгольских кочевников // Известия лаборатории древних технологий. 2020. Т. 16. № 3 (36). С. 141-149.
Энхтувшин Б., Курас Л. В., Цыбенов Б. Д. Глобализация и традиционное скотоводство монгольских кочевников // Гуманитарный вектор. Серия: Филология, востоковедение. 2013. № 4 (36). С. 235-243.
Bruegger R. A., Jigjsuren O., Fernández-Giménez, M. E. Herder observations of rangeland change in Mongolia: indicators, causes, and application to community-based management // Rangeland Ecology & Management. 2014. Vol. 67. No. 2. P. 119-131.
Dagvadorj D., Batjargal Z., Natsagdorj L., eds. Mongolia Second Assessment Report on Climate Change 2014. Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia: Mongolian Ministry of Environment and Green Development, 2014.
Dashtseren A. Permafrost in Mongolia // The Physical Geography of Mongolia. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. P. 119-133.
Davaa G. Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Mongolia // Proceedings of Consultative Meeting on Integration of Climate Change Adaptation into Sustainable Development in Mongolia, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), 2010. P. 30-36.
Gardelle L., Zhao Z. Being a herder in contemporary Mongolia: Nomadic identity and nationhood building at school // Asian Ethnicity. 2019. Vol. 20. No, 3. P. 364-385.
Goulden C. E., Mead J., Horwitz R., Goulden M., Nandintsetseg B., McCormick S. et al. Interviews of Mongolian herders and high resolution precipitation data reveal an increase in short heavy rains and thunderstorm activity in semi-arid Mongolia // Climatic Change. 2016. Vol. 136. P. 281-295.
Hock R., Huss M. Glaciers and climate change // Climate change. Elsevier, 2021. P. 157-176.
Jigjsuren O., Baival B., Nayanaa K., Jargalsaikhan A., Dash K., Badamkhand B. et al. Evaluating the impact of climate change based on herders' observations and comparing it with hydro-climatic and remote sensing data // Proceedings of Building resilience of Mongolian rangelands: a trans-disciplinary research conference. 2015. June 9-10, Colorado State University. Libraries.
Kamp U., Krumwiede B., McManigal K., Pan C., Walther M., Dashtseren A. The glaciers of Mongolia // INSTAAR Occas. Pap. 2013. No. 61.
Karthe D., Chalov S., Borchardt D. Water Resources and Their Management in Central Asia in the Early Twenty First Century: Status, Challenges and Future Prospects // Environmental Earth Science. 2015. Vol. 73. С. 487-499. DOI: 10.1007/s12665-014-3789-1.
Khishigbayar J., Fernández-Giménez M. E., Angerer J. P., Reid R. S., Chantsallkham J., Baasandorj Y., Zumberelmaa D. Mongolian rangelands at a tipping point? Biomass and cover are stable but composition shifts and richness declines after 20 years of grazing and increasing temperatures // Journal of Arid Environments. 2015. Vol. 115. P. 100-112.
Lu N., Wilske B., Ni J., John R., Chen J. Climate change in Inner Mongolia from 1955 to 2005—trends at regional, biome and local scales // Environmental Research Letters. 2009. Vol. 4. No, 4. P. 045006. URL: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045006.
Myadar O. Mobility and displacement: Nomadism, identity and postcolonial narratives in Mongolia. Routledge, 2020.
Myagmarsuren A., Galtbayar S. Climate Change Impact on Social and Economic Sectors in Mongolia // Environmental Science and Technology International Conference (ESTIC 2021). 2021. P. 42-47. Atlantis Press.
Nandintsetseg B., Boldgiv B., Chang J., Ciais P., Davaanyam E., Batbold A. et al. Risk and vulnerability of Mongolian grasslands under climate change // Environmental Research Letters. 2021. Vol. 16. No. 3. 034035.
Nanzad L., Zhang J., Tuvdendorj B., Nabil M., Zhang S., Bai Y. NDVI anomaly for drought monitoring and its correlation with climate factors over Mongolia from 2000 to 2016 // Journal of Arid Environments. 2019. Vol. 164. P. 69-77.
Oerlemans, J. Glaciers and climate change. CRC Press, 2001.
Orkhonselenge A., Harbor J. M. Impacts of modern glacier changes on surface water resources in western and northern Mongolia // Journal of Water Resource and Protection. 2018. Vol. 10. No. 06. P. 559-570.
Sainnemekh S., Barrio I. C., Densambuu B., Bestelmeyer B., Aradóttir Á. L. Rangeland degradation in Mongolia: A systematic review of the evidence // Journal of Arid Environments. 2022. Vol. 196. 104654.
Tibig L. Climate Change in the Asian Region, including Mongolia // Global Warming of 1.5 ºC - Do We Still Have Time? Outreach Event on IPCC Work and Findings. Available at: https://apps.ipcc.ch/outreach/aboutevent.php?q=453.
Ulambayar T., Fernández-Giménez M. E. How community-based rangeland management achieves positive social outcomes in Mongolia: A moderated mediation analysis // Land Use Policy. 2019. Vol. 82. P. 93-104.
Venable N. B. H. Hydroclimatological data and analyses from a headwaters region of Mongolia as boundary objects in interdisciplinary climate change research // Frontiers of Earth Science. 2017. Vol. 11. P. 457-468.
Venable N. B., Fassnacht S. R., Hendricks A. D., Action N. Spatial changes in climate across Mongolia // Proceedings of Building Resilience of Mongolian Rangelands: A Trans-Disciplinary Research Conference. 2015. June 9-10, Colorado State University. Libraries.
Yembuu B. Mongolian nomads: Effects of globalization and social change // Everyday Knowledge, Education and Sustainable Futures: Transdisciplinary Approaches in the Asia-Pacific Region. 2016. P. 89-105.
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Karthe, D., Chalov, S., & Borchardt, D. (2015). Water resources and their management in Central Asia in the early twenty first century: Status, challenges and future prospects. Environmental Earth Science, 73, 487–499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3789-1
Khishigbayar, J., Fernández-Giménez, M. E., Angerer, J. P., Reid, R. S., Chantsallkham, J., Baasandorj, Y., & Zumberelmaa, D. (2015). Mongolian rangelands at a tipping point? Biomass and cover are stable but composition shifts and richness declines after 20 years of grazing and increasing temperatures. Journal of Arid Environments, 115, 100–112.
Lu, N., Wilske, B., Ni, J., John, R., & Chen, J. (2009). Climate change in Inner Mongolia from 1955 to 2005 – Trends at regional, biome and local scales. Environmental Research Letters, 4(4), 045006. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/4/4/045006
Myadar, O. (2020). Mobility and displacement: Nomadism, identity and postcolonial narratives in Mongolia. Routledge.
Myagmarsuren, A., & Galtbayar, S. (2021). Climate change impact on social and economic sectors in Mongolia. In Environmental Science and Technology International Conference (ESTIC 2021) (pp. 42–47). Atlantis Press.
Nandintsetseg, B., Boldgiv, B., Chang, J., Ciais, P., Davaanyam, E., Batbold, A., et al. (2021). Risk and vulnerability of Mongolian grasslands under climate change. Environmental Research Letters, 16(3), 034035.
Nanzad, L., Zhang, J., Tuvdendorj, B., Nabil, M., Zhang, S., & Bai, Y. (2019). NDVI anomaly for drought monitoring and its correlation with climate factors over Mongolia from 2000 to 2016. Journal of Arid Environments, 164, 69–77.
Oerlemans, J. (2001). Glaciers and climate change. CRC Press.
Orkhonselenge, A., & Harbor, J. M. (2018). Impacts of modern glacier changes on surface water resources in western and northern Mongolia. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 10(6), 559–570.
Sainnemekh, S., Barrio, I. C., Densambuu, B., Bestelmeyer, B., & Aradóttir, Á. L. R. (2022). Rangeland degradation in Mongolia: A systematic review of the evidence. Journal of Arid Environments, 196, 104654.
Tibig, L. (n.d.). Climate change in the Asian region, including Mongolia. In Global warming of 1.5 ºC - Do we still have time? Outreach event on IPCC work and findings. URL: https://apps.ipcc.ch/outreach/aboutevent.php?q=453
Ulambayar, T., & Fernández-Giménez, M. E. (2019). How community-based rangeland management achieves positive social outcomes in Mongolia: A moderated mediation analysis. Land Use Policy, 82, 93–104.
Venable, N. B. H. (2017). Hydroclimatological data and analyses from a headwaters region of Mongolia as boundary objects in interdisciplinary climate change research. Frontiers of Earth Science, 11, 457–468.
Venable, N. B., Fassnacht, S. R., Hendricks, A. D., & Action, N. (2015). Spatial changes in climate across Mongolia. In Proceedings of Building Resilience of Mongolian Rangelands: A Trans-Disciplinary Research Conference (June 9-10). Colorado State University Libraries.
Yembuu, B. (2016). Mongolian nomads: Effects of globalization and social change. In Everyday knowledge, education and sustainable futures: Transdisciplinary approaches in the Asia-Pacific region (pp. 89–105).