Abstract
Wild hops are abundant in the southern regions of Western Siberia, Russia, where the natural conditions are favorable for growing commercially valuable varieties. The genetic diversity present in wild hop populations serves as a valuable source of beneficial genes for developing new genotypes. However, before harnessing these traits, it's crucial to test the wild hops for the presence of harmful phytopathogenic viruses, which tend to accumulate in natural repositories. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of viral and viroid infections in wild hop populations in the Altai Territory and the Altai Republic. Plant material from wild hops (Humulus lupulus L. 1753) was collected during expeditions from July 15 to August 15 in both 2022 and 2023, covering 18 districts. Using DAS-ELISA and real-time RT-PCR, we assessed 243 samples for the presence of 16 viruses and 1 viroid. The frequency of infected plants varied based on the sampling location and the specific pathogen. Notably, three particularly damaging hop viruses – Hop latent virus (HpLV), Apple mosaic virus (ApMV), and Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) – were identified, infecting 24.5%, 8.2%, and 5.5% of the studied plants, respectively. HpLV was found throughout the region, primarily in the moderate-arid steppe and forest-steppe, while ApMV was detected in three adjacent districts with a frequency ranging from 11.2% to 45.5%. ArMV was found in half of the plants in a single location. Additionally, minor viruses such as Strawberry latent ringspot (SLRSV), Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV), and Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) appeared sporadically in different zones. Potato mosaic viruses S and Y, as well as Potato leafroll virus (PLRV), were widely distributed in wild hop populations, with high frequencies in all natural zones except the foothills. Potato viruses M (PVM), Potato viruses A (PVA), and Potato viruses X (PVX) were common in the steppe and forest-steppe zones. It's important to note that the presence of viral infection in plants did not necessarily correlate with the expression of disease symptoms. Notably, Hop mosaic virus (HpMV), Petunia asteroid mosaic virus (PetAMV), Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), and Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) were not detected. The existence of natural reservoirs of viral infection poses a threat to commercial hop cultivars in areas where they coexist. As such, it is imperative to monitor and control the spread of these dangerous viruses.
References
Bassil NV, Gilmore B, Oliphant JM, Hummer KE, Henning JA (2008) Genic SSRs for European and North American hop (Humulus lupulus L.). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 55: 959–969. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-007-9303-9
Boutain JR (2014) On the origin of hops: Genetic variability, phylogenetic relationships, and ecological plasticity of Humulus (Cannabaceae). PhD Thesis, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, USA.
Calvi A, Aci MM, Lupini A, Preiti G (2023) Morphological and genetic analysis of wild hop (Humulus lupulus L.) germplasm from Calabria Region in South Italy. Agronomy 13: 252. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010252
Dabbous-Wach A, Rodolfi M, Paolini J, Costa J, Ganino T (2021) Characterization of wild Corsican hops and assessment of the performances of German hops in Corsican environmental conditions through a multidisciplinary approach. Applied Sciences 11: 3756. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093756
Davis TJ, Gomez MI, Harper SJ, Twomey M (2021) The economic impact of hop stunt viroid and certified clean planting materials. HortScience 56(12): 1471–1475. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI15975-21
Gargani E, Ferretti L, Faggioli F, Haegi A, Luigi M, Landi S, Simoni S, Benvenuti C, Guidi S, Simoncini S, D’Errico G, Amoriello T, Ciccoritti R, Roversi PF, Carbone Kl (2017) A survey on pests and diseases of Italian hop crops. Italus Hortus 24(2): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.26353/j.itahort/2017.2.117
Grimová L, Winkowska L, Konrady M, Ryšánek P (2016) Apple mosaic virus. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 55(1): 1−19. https://doi.org/10.14601/Phytopathol_Mediterr-16295
Jakse J, Šatović Z, Javornik B (2004) Microsatellite variability among wild and cultivated hops (Humulus lupulus L.). Genome 47(5): 889–899. https://doi.org/10.1139/g04-054
Mafakheri M, Kordrostami M, Rahimi M, Matthews PD (2020) Evaluating genetic diversity and structure of a wild hop (Humulus lupulus L.) germplasm using morphological and molecular characteristics. Euphytica 216: 58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-020-02592-z
Makarova SS, Makarov VV, Taliansky МE, Kalinina NO (2017) Resistance to viruses of potato: current status and prospects. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii = Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 21(1): 62–73. https://doi.org/10.18699/VJ17.224 [In Russian]
McCallum JL, Nabuurs MH, Gallant ST, Kirby CW, Mills AAS (2019) Phytochemical characterization of wild Hops (Humulus lupulus ssp. lupuloides) germplasm resources from the Maritimes Region of Canada. Frontiers in Plant Science 10: 1438. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01438
Mishra J, Srivastava R, Trivedi PK, Verma PC (2020) Effect of virus infection on the secondary metabolite production and phytohormone biosynthesis in plants. 3 Biotech 10(12): 547. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-020-02541-6
Murakami A, Darby P, Javornik B, Pais M, Seigner E, Lutz A, Svoboda P (2006a). Microsatellite DNA analysis of wild hops, Humulus lupulus L. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 53: 1553–1562. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-005-7765-1
Murakami LA, Darby P, Javornik B, Pais M, Seigner E, Lutz A, Svoboda P (2006b) Molecular phylogeny of wild hops, Humulus lupulus. Heredity 97: 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800839
Paguet AS, Siah A, Lefèvre G, Moureu S, Cadalen T, Samaillie J, Michels F, Deracinois B, Flahaut C, Alves Dos Santos H, Etienne-Debaecker A, Rambaud C, Chollet S, Molinié R, Fontaine JX, Waterlot C, Fauconnier ML, Sahpaz S, Rivière C (2022) Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France. Phytochemistry 205: 113508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113508
Patzak J, Henychová A, Krofta K, Svoboda P, Malířová I (2021) The influence of hop latent viroid (HLVd) infection on gene expression and secondary metabolite contents in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) glandular trichomes. Plants 10(11): 2297. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112297
Patzak J, Nesvadba V, Henychová A, Krofta K (2010) Assessment of the genetic diversity of wild hops (Humulus lupulus L.) in Europe using chemical and molecular analyses. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 38(2): 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2009.12.023
Pethybridge SJ, Hay FS, Barbara DJ, Eastwell KC, Wilson CR (2008) Viruses and viroids infecting hop: Significance, epidemiology, and management. Plant Disease 92(3): 324– 338. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-3-0324
Przybyś M (2020) Incidence of viruses and viroids in Polish hop gardens. Polish Journal of Agronomy 43: 76–82. https://doi.org/10.26114/pja.iung.407.2020.43.08
Riccioni C, Belfiori B, Sileoni V, Marconi O, Perretti G, Bellucci M, Rubini A (2021) High genetic and chemical diversity of wild hop populations from Central Italy with signals of a genetic structure influenced by both sexual and asexual reproduction. Plant Science 304: 110794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110794
Rodolfi M, Marieschi M, Chiancone B, Ganino T (2022). Assessment of the genetic and phytochemical variability of Italian wild hop: A route to biodiversity preservation. Applied Sciences 12(11): 5751. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12115751
Sastry KS, Mandal B, Hammond J, Scott SW, Briddon RW (2019) Encyclopedia of plant viruses and viroids. Springer Nature India Private Limited, New Delhi, 2936 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3912-3
Seigner L, Lutz A, Seigner E (2014) Monitoring of important virus and viroid infections in German hop (Humulus lupulus L.) yards. Brewing Science 67: 81–87.
Small EA (1978) Numerical and nomenclatural analysis of morpho-geographic taxa of Humulus. Systematic Botany 3(1): 37–76. https://doi.org/10.2307/2418532
Steele PR, Pires JC (2011) Biodiversity assessment: State-of-the-art techniques in phylogenomics and species identification. American Journal of Botany 98: 415–425. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1000296
Vavilov NI (1992) Origin and geography of cultivated plants. English Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 536 pp.
Yu J, Liu Y (1987) The occurrence of three viruses in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) in China. Plant Pathology 36: 38–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1987.tb02175.x
Zanoli P, Zavatti M (2008) Pharmacognostic and pharmacological profile of Humulus lupulus L. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116: 383–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.01.011
Ziegler A, Kawka M, Przybys M, Doroszewska T, Skomra U, Kastirr U, Matoušek J, Schubert J (2014) Detection and molecular analysis of Hop latent virus and Hop latent viroid in hop samples from Poland. Journal fur Kulturpflanzen 66(7): 248–254. https://doi.org/10.5073/JFK.2014.07.04
Acta Biologica Sibirica is a golden publisher, as we allow self-archiving, but most importantly we are fully transparent about your rights.
Authors may present and discuss their findings ahead of publication: at biological or scientific conferences, on preprint servers, in public databases, and in blogs, wikis, tweets, and other informal communication channels.
ABS allows authors to deposit manuscripts (currently under review or those for intended submission to ABS) in non-commercial, pre-print servers such as ArXiv.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).