THE DATING OF TILES AND TILE-ENDS COLLECTED DURING THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PRE-HAN “LONG WALL” IN THE NORTH OF THE SHAANXI PROVINCE
Abstract
The article is devoted to the problem of dating a segment of a long (or “great”) wall built in the pre-Han time within the borders of the present Shaanxi province. Traditionally, the construction of this fortified line, going to the North across the Ordos plateau (including the north of Shaanxi), is attributed to the reign of the Qin Zhao-hsiang-wang (after 272 BC). However, the author previously formulated a hypothesis that the wall of Zhao-hsiang-wang ended no further than the Suide county, and the northern section of the wall across the Jingbian, Hengshan, Yulin and Shenmu counties was subsequently built by order of Qin Shi-huang, which, thus, in 214–210 BC did not hold the entire Ordos, but only a narrow strip of land on its eastern outskirts. The article deals with dating finds (tile fragments) obtained from the first archaeological survey of these long walls in Shaanxi (published in a two-volume report in 2015). The author concludes that all found fragments of tile-ends find analogies in the antiquites of the Qin and Han periods, including two tile-ends made by craftsmen resettled from the Qi kingdom conquered by Shi-huang in 221 BC. Technological imprints on tile gutters either have a wide dating within the 4th–2 nd centuries BC, or unambiguously date back to the Han time. This refutes the assertion of the authors of the 2015 report that the tile finds allegedly indicate the construction of walls in the pre-Qin period.
Downloads
References
Wang Pizhong [王丕忠]. Han Changling fujin chutu de Qin Han wadang [Tile-ends of QinHan Period Excavated in the Han Changling Area = 汉长陵附近出土的秦汉瓦当]. Wenwu ziliao congkan [文物资料丛刊]. Iss. 6. 1982. P. 16–20.
Wang Shichang [王世昌]. Shaanxi gudai zhuan wa tudian [Compiled Pictorial of Ancient BBricks and Tiles of the Shaanxi Province = 陕西古代砖瓦图典]. Xian : San Qin chubanshe [三秦出版社], 2004. 452 p.
Kovalev A.A. O svyazyah naseleniya Altaya i Ordosa v V–III vekah do n.e. [On the Connections of Altai and Ordos Populations in the 5th–3rd Centuries BC]. Itogi izucheniya skifskoj epohi Altaya i sopredel’nyh territorij [Results of the Study of the Scythian Era of Altai and Adjacent Territories]. Barnaul : Izd-vo Alt. un-ta, 1999. P. 75–82. (In Russ.)
Kovalev A.A. Proishozhdeniye hunnu soglasno dannym istorii i arheologii [The Origin of the Xiongnu according to the Data of History and Archaeology]. Evropa — Aziya: problemy etnokul’turnyh kontaktov [Europe — Asia: Problems of Ethnocultural Contacts]. Saint-Petersburg : LEMA, 2002. P. 150–194. (In Russ.)
Kovalev A.A. Lokalizaciya narodov VI–III vekov do n.e. na severnyh granicah kitayskih gosudarstv [Localization of the Peoples of the 6th –3rd Centuries BC on the Northern Borders of the Chinese States]. Zapiski Instituta istorii material’noj kul’tury RAN [Notes of the Institute of the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences]. No. 3. 2008. P. 181–202. (In Russ.)
Li Falin [李发林]. Qi gu cheng wadang [Tile-ends of Ancient Qi Capital =齐故城瓦当]. Peking : Wenwu chubanshe [文物出版社]. 1990. 191 p.
Liu Huiyuan, Lu Xijian [吕慧媛, 鹿习健]. Lue tang Qin wa zhizao gongyi de fengqi [Short Review of Periodization of Qin Tile-Making = 略谈秦瓦制造工艺的分期]. Zhuan wa [砖瓦]. 2016. №11. P. 68–70.
Liu Qingzhu [刘庆柱]. Han dai wenzi wadang gai lun [Introduction to Tile-Ends with Inscriptions of the Han Period = 汉代文字瓦当概论]. Liu Qingzhu [刘庆柱]. Gudai ducheng yu di ling kaogu yanjiu [Archaeological Research of Ancient Capitals and Impereurs Mausoleums = 古代都城与帝陵考古学硏究]. Peking : Kexue chubanshe [科学出版社], 2000. P. 325–338.
Liu Zhendong, Zhang Jianfeng [刘振东, 张建锋] Xi Han zhuan wa chubu yanjiu [Preliminary Research of Bricks and Tiles of the Western Han Period = 西汉砖瓦初步研究]. Kaogu xuebao [考古學報]. 2007. №3. P. 339–358.
Peng Xi [彭曦]. Zhanguo Qin changcheng kaocha yu yanjiu [Investigations and Research of Qin Long Walls of the Zhanguo Period = 战国秦长城考察与研究 ]. Nanking : Jiangsu Fenghuang kexue jishu chubanshe [江苏凤凰科学技术出版社], 2017. 226 p.
Syma Tsyan’ [Sima Qian]. Istoricheskie zapiski (Shi tszi) / Perevod s kitajskogo i kommentarij R.V. Vyatkina i V. S. Taskina pod obshchej redakciej R.V. Vyatkina. T. II [Historical notes (Shi ji). Translation from Chinese and commentary by R.V. Vyatkin and V. S. Taskin under the general editorship of R.V. Vyatkin. Vol. II]. Moscow : Nauka, GRVL. 1975. 579 p. (Pamyatniki pis’mennosti Vostoka; XXXII, 2 [Monuments of Oriental Literature; XXXII, 2]).
Fu Jiayi[傅嘉仪]. Zhongguo wadang yishu [Chinese Tile-Ends Art = 中国瓦当艺術]. Shanghai : Shanghai shudian chubanshe [上海书店出版社], 2002. 966 p.
Qin Jianming, Jiang Baolian [秦建明，姜宝莲]. Qin Han tong wa nei zhu yu wai zhu gongyi de biange [Changes in the Interior and Exterior Construction Techniques of TubeTiles in the Qin and Han Dynasties = 秦汉筒瓦内筑与外筑工艺的变革]. Wenwu jianding yu jianshang [文物鉴定与鉴赏]. 2010. №6. P. 94–97.
Zhongguo lishi dituji. Di yi ce: yuanshi shehui, Xia, Shang, XiZhou, Chunqiu, Zhanguo shiqi [Chinese Historical Atlas. Book One: Primitive Society, Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn, Warring States = 中国历史地图集。第一册: 原始社会，夏，商，西周，春秋，战国] / Ed. by Tan Qixiang [谭其骧]. Peking : Zhongguo ditu chubanshe [中国地图出版社], 1982. 29 p., 63 il.
Shi Nianhai [史念海]. Huanghe zhong you Zhanguo ji Qin shi zhe changcheng yiji de tansuo [Explorations of Remains of Zhanguo-Qin Periods Long Walls in the Middle Reaches of the Huanghe = 黄河中游战国及秦时者长城遗迹的探索]. Чжунго чанчэн ицзи дяоча баогао цзи [Collection of Investigation Reports on Chinese Long Walls Remains = 中国长城遗迹调查报告集]. Peking : Wenwu chubanshe [文物出版社], 1981. P. 52–67.
Shen Yunyan [申云艳]. Zhongguo gudai wadang yanjiu [Research of Ancient Chinese TileEnds = 中国古代瓦当研究]. Peking : Wenwu chubanshe [文物出版社], 2006. 340 p.
Shaanxi sheng kaogu yanjiusuo [Institute of Archeology of Shaanxi Province = 陕西省考古研究所]. Qin du Xianyang kaogu baogao [Archaeological Report on the Qin Capital Xianyang = 秦都咸阳考古报告]. Peking: Kexue chubanshe [科学出版社]. 2004. 800 p., il. (Shaanxi sheng caogu yanjiuso tianye caogu baogao. Di 25 hao. [Reports on the Field Archaeological Work of the Institute of Archaeology of the aShaanxi Province. Issue 25. = 陕西省考古研究 所田野考古报告。第25号]).
Shaanxi sheng kaogu yanjiuso, Qin Shi huang bin ma yong bouguan [Institute of Archaeology of Shaanxi Province, Qin Shi Huang Funeral Statues with Horses and Weapons Museum = 陕西省考古研究所， 秦始皇兵马俑博物馆]. Qin Shi Huangdi ling yuan kaogu baogao. 2000. [Archaeological Report on the Burial Park of Qin Shi-huangdi. Year 2000. = 秦始皇帝陵园考古报告 (2000)]. Peking : Wenwu chubanshe [文物出版社]. 2006. 287 p., il.
Shaanxi sheng caogu yanjuyuan, Xibei daxue wenhua yichang xueyuan [Institute of Archaeology of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Cultural Heritage of Northwestern University = 陕 西省考古研究院， 西北大学文化遗产学院]. Shaanxi sheng zao qi changcheng ziyuan diaocha baogao [Shaanxi Province Early Long Wall Resource Survey Report = 陕西早期长城资源调查报告]. Peking : Wenwu chubanshe [文物出版社]? 2015. In 2 vols. 937 p., ill.
Kovalev A. The Location of the Loufan Tribe in the 4th –2nd Century BC and Influence of its Culture to the Culture of Central Plain and the South // Eerduosi cintun ci goczi syueshu yan’tao huj lun’ven’ czi [Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ordos Bronzeware = 鄂尔多斯青铜器国际学术研讨会论文集] / «Eerduosi cintun ci goczi syueshu yan›tao huj lun›ven› czi» byan›czi czu byan› [Collected by Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ordos Bronze Ware Editing Group = 鄂尔多斯青铜器国际学术研讨会论文集编辑组编]. Peking : Kexue chubanshe [科学出版社], 2009. P. 383–414.
Copyright (c) 2023 А.А. Ковалев
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Theory and Practice of Archaeological Research is a golden publisher, as we allow self-archiving, but most importantly we are fully transparent about your rights.
Authors may present and discuss their findings ahead of publication: at biological or scientific conferences, on preprint servers, in public databases, and in blogs, wikis, tweets, and other informal communication channels.
Theory and Practice of Archaeological Research allows authors to deposit manuscripts (currently under review or those for intended submission to ABS) in non-commercial, pre-print servers such as ArXiv.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
2.jpg)
