WOMEN'S RELIGIOSITY IN BORDER REGIONS OF RUSSIA: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND REGIONAL PECULIARITIES
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Published:
Jul 15, 2024
Keywords:
religion, religiousity, religious behaviour, religious identification, border regions
Main Article Content
Svetlana G. Maximova
Email: svet-maximova@yandex.ru
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4613-4966
Olga V. Surtaeva
Email: bubuka_s@mail.ru
Daria A. Omelchenko
Email: daria.omelchenko@mail.ru
Kristina A. Velikzhanina
Email: velikzhanina_kri@mail.ru
Abstract
. Religion is still an important sociocultural phenomenon, and religiosity continues to be an important context for understanding social processes. There are numerous studies in foreign literature that focus on gender specifics of religiosity, but in Russia this topic is less explored. Specific socio-economic and cultural conditions in the Russian border regions form the need for in-depth analysis of the population's religiosity. All this determined the purpose of this article – to assess the general trends and regional specifics of religiosity of women living in the border regions of Russia. Based on a survey of 1000 women living in the Republic of Altai, the Republic of Tyva, Altai Krai and Novosibirsk Oblast, the characteristics of women's religiosity in the border regions were analyzed. The study showed that, in general, women in Russia's border regions are not highly religious and are not inclined to demonstrate religious behavior. The specific regional characteristics are that the most religious women live in the Republic of Tyva, and close to them, but slightly less religious, women from the Republic of Altai. The lowest level of religiosity in all parameters was recorded among women living in the Novosibirsk Oblast.
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Maximova, S. G., Surtaeva, O. V., Omelchenko, D. A., & Velikzhanina, K. A. (2024). WOMEN’S RELIGIOSITY IN BORDER REGIONS OF RUSSIA: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND REGIONAL PECULIARITIES. Society and Security Insights, 7(2), 69-90. https://doi.org/10.14258/ssi(2024)2-04
Section
STATE, CIVIL SOCIETY AND STABILITY
Authors retain the copyright of their manuscripts, and all Open Access articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited.
References
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Abdel-Khalek A., Lester D. Mental health, subjective well-being, and religiosity: Significant associations in Kuwait and USA // Journal of Muslim Mental Health. 2013. Vol.7, №2. P.63–76.
Acevedo G., Shah S. Sectarian affiliation and gender traditionalism: A study of Sunni and Shi’a Muslims in four predominantly Muslim countries // Sociology of Islam. 2015. Vol.3. P.1-29.
Allport G.W., Ross J.M. Personal religious orientation and prejudice // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1967. Vol.5, №4. P.432–443.
Alvi S.M., Tahir M., Bano S. (2021). Religious orientation, spirituality, and life satisfaction: A gendered perspective // Global Social Sciences Review. 2021. Vol.VI, №I. P.120–129.
Burnett D.W. Religion, personality, and clinical assessment // Journal of Religion and Health. 1979. Vol.18, №4. P.308–312.
Vaus D., McAllister I. Gender Differences in Religion: A Test of the Structural Location Theory // American Sociological Review. 1987. Vol.52, №4. P.472–481.
Habib D.G., Donald C., Hutchinson G. (2018). Religion and life satisfaction: A correlational study of undergraduate students in Trinidad // Journal of Religion and Health. 2018. Vol.57, №4. P.1567–1580.
Heft J.L., Stets J.E. (Eds.). Empty Churches: Non-affiliation in America (1st ed.). Oxford University Press, 2021. 352p.
Heidemarie W. Religious cultures and gender cultures: tracing gender differences across religious cultures // Journal of Contemporary Religion. 2019. Vol.34, №2. P.241-251.
Huber S., Huber O.W. The Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS) // Religions. 2012. Vol.3, №3. P.710-724.
Huber, S., Ackert, M., Scheiblich, H. (2020). Religiosität in unterschiedlichen Religionskulturen – Vergleiche auf der Basis der Centrality of Religiosity Scale. cultura & psyché, 1(1-2), S. 171-185. Springer Nature Switzerland 10.1007/s43638-020-00007-3.
Kelland M. Personality theory. 2017. Retrieved from: https://oercommons.org/authoring/22859-personality-theory/7/view
Koenig H.G. (2008). Religion and mental health: What should psychiatrists do? // Psychiatric Bulletin. 2008. Vol.32, №6. P.201–203.
Li A.Y.C., Liu J.K.K. Effects of intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity on well-being through meaning in life and its gender difference among adolescents in Hong Kong: A mediation study // Curr Psychol. 2021. Vol.42, P.7171–7181.
Munawar K., Tariq O. Exploring relationship between spiritual intelligence, religiosity and life satisfaction among elderly Pakistani Muslims // Journal of Religion and Health. 2018. Vol.57, №3. P.781–795.
Ngamaba K.H., Soni D. Are happiness and life satisfaction different across religious groups? Exploring determinants of happiness and life satisfaction // Journal of Religion and Health. 2018. Vol.57, №6. P.2118–2139.
Perveen A., Mehmood B., Yasin M.G. Materialism and life satisfaction in Muslim youth: Role of gratitude and religiosity // Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research. 2017. Vol.32, №1. P.763–771.
Reitz A.K., Asendorpf J.B., Motti-Stefanidi F. When do immigrant adolescents feel personally discriminated against? Longitudinal effects of peer preference // International Journal of Behavioral Development. 2015. Vol.39, №3. P.197–209.
Roberto A., Sellon A., Cherry S.T., Hunter-Jones J., Winslow H. Impact of spirituality on resilience and coping during the COVID-19 crisis: A mixed-method approach investigating the impact on women // Health Care for Women International. 2020. Vol.41, №11–12. P.1313–1334.
Saryglar S.A., Shakhova E.V., Borisova O.V. Social Isolation and Demographic Problems of Border Territories: Theoretical Analysis and Application in Migration Studies // Advances in Natural, Human-Made, and Coupled Human-Natural Systems Research. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. 2023. Vol.234. Springer, Cham.
Stark R., Glock C.Y. American piety: The nature of religious commitment (Vol. 1). University of California Press, 1968. 230 p.
Sultan S., Kanwal F., Hussain I. (2020). Moderating effects of personality traits in relationship between religious practices and mental health of university students // Journal of Religion and Health. 2020. Vol.59, №5. P.2458–2468.
Thiessen J., Wilkins-Laflamme S. Becoming a religious none: Irreligious socialization and disaffiliation // Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 2017. Vol.56, №1. P.64–82.
Turner J.C., Hogg M.A., Oakes P.J., Reicher S.D., Wetherell M.S. Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Basil Blackwell, 1987.
Unterrainer H.F., Lewis A.J., Fink A. Religious/spiritual well-being, personality and mental health: A review of results and conceptual issues //. Journal of Religion and Health. 2014. Vol.53, №2. P.382–392.
Van Tongeren D.R., DeWall C.N. Disbelief, disengagement, discontinuance, and disaffiliation: An integrative framework for the study of religious deidentification // Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. Advance online publication. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000434
Vang Z.M., Hou F., Elder K. Perceived religious discrimination, religiosity, and life satisfaction // Journal of Happiness Studies. 2019. Vol.20, №6. P.1913–1932.
Villani D., Sorgente A., Iannello P., Antonietti A. The role of spirituality and religiosity in subjective well-being of individuals with different religious status // Frontiers in Psychology. 2019. Vol.10. P.1525.
Wixwat M., Saucier G. (2021). Being spiritual but not religiou // Current Opinion in Psychology. 2021. Vol.40. P.121–125.
Yeniaras V., Akarsu T.N. Religiosity and life satisfaction: A multi-dimensional approach // Journal of Happiness Studies. 2017. Vol.18, №6. P.1815–1840.
Zahoor N., Khattak A.Z., Amjad M., Shaukat S., Khanum U., Raziq U. Relationship between religiosity and Life satisfaction in undergraduate students at Kohat University of Science & Technology KPK Pakistan // Journal of Professional and Applied Psychology. 2021. Vol.2, №1. P.36–42.
Zuckerman, P. Atheism: Contemporary numbers and patterns. In M. Martin (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to atheism. Cambridge University Press, 2007. pp.47–65.
References
Omelchenko, D.A., Maximova, S.G., Noyanzina, O.Ye. (2023). Mental representations of religiousness in the mirror of psychosemantic measurement: regional facets. Society and Security Insights, 6(1), 32–55. doi: 10.14258/ssi(2023)1-02 (In Russ.).
Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2012). Subjective well-being and religiosity: A cross-sectional study with adolescents, young and middle-age adults. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 15(1), 39–52.
Abdel-Khalek, A., Lester, D. (2013). Mental health, subjective well-being, and religiosity: Significant associations in Kuwait and USA. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 7(2), 63–76.
Acevedo, G., Shah, S. (2015). Sectarian affiliation and gender traditionalism: A study of Sunni and Shi’a Muslims in four predominantly Muslim countries. Sociology of Islam, 3, 1-29.
Allport, G. W., Ross, J. M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5(4), 432–443.
Alvi, S. M., Tahir, M., Bano, S. (2021). Religious orientation, spirituality, and life satisfaction: A gendered perspective. Global Social Sciences Review, VI(I), 120–129.
Burnett, D. W. (1979). Religion, personality, and clinical assessment. Journal of Religion and Health, 18(4), 308–312.
Vaus, D., McAllister, I. (1987). Gender Differences in Religion: A Test of the Structural Location Theory. American Sociological Review, 52(4), 472–481.
Habib, D. G., Donald, C., Hutchinson, G. (2018). Religion and life satisfaction: A correlational study of undergraduate students in Trinidad. Journal of Religion and Health, 57(4), 1567–1580.
Heft, J. L., Stets, J. E. (Eds.). (2021). Empty Churches: Non-affiliation in America (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
Heidemarie, W. (2019). Religious cultures and gender cultures: tracing gender differences across religious cultures. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 34(2), 241-251.
Huber, S., Huber, O.W. (2012). The Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS). Religions, 3(3), 710-724.
Huber, S., Ackert, M., Scheiblich, H. (2020). Religiosität in unterschiedlichen Religionskulturen – Vergleiche auf der Basis der Centrality of Religiosity Scale. cultura & psyché, 1(1-2), S. 171-185. Springer Nature Switzerland 10.1007/s43638-020-00007-3.
Kelland, M. (2017). Personality theory. Retrieved from: https://oercommons.org/authoring/22859-personality-theory/7/view
Koenig, H. G. (2008). Religion and mental health: What should psychiatrists do? Psychiatric Bulletin, 32(6), 201–203.
Li, A.Y.C., Liu, J.K.K. (2021). Effects of intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity on well-being through meaning in life and its gender difference among adolescents in Hong Kong: A mediation study. Curr Psychol, 42, 7171–7181.
Munawar, K., Tariq, O. (2018). Exploring relationship between spiritual intelligence, religiosity and life satisfaction among elderly Pakistani Muslims. Journal of Religion and Health, 57(3), 781–795.
Ngamaba, K. H., Soni, D. (2018). Are happiness and life satisfaction different across religious groups? Exploring determinants of happiness and life satisfaction. Journal of Religion and Health, 57(6), 2118–2139.
Perveen, A., Mehmood, B., Yasin, M. G. (2017). Materialism and life satisfaction in Muslim youth: Role of gratitude and religiosity. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 32(1).
Reitz, A. K., Asendorpf, J. B., Motti-Stefanidi, F. (2015). When do immigrant adolescents feel personally discriminated against? Longitudinal effects of peer preference. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 39(3), 197–209.
Roberto, A., Sellon, A., Cherry, S. T., Hunter-Jones, J., Winslow, H. (2020). Impact of spirituality on resilience and coping during the COVID-19 crisis: A mixed-method approach investigating the impact on women. Health Care for Women International, 41(11–12), 1313–1334.
Saryglar, S.A., Shakhova, E.V., Borisova, O.V. (2023). Social Isolation and Demographic Problems of Border Territories: Theoretical Analysis and Application in Migration Studies. In: Maximova, S.G., Raikin, R.I., Chibilev, A.A., Silantyeva, M.M. (eds) Advances in Natural, Human-Made, and Coupled Human-Natural Systems Research. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 234. Springer, Cham.
Stark, R., Glock, C. Y. (1968). American piety: The nature of religious commitment (Vol. 1). University of California Press.
Sultan, S., Kanwal, F., Hussain, I. (2020). Moderating effects of personality traits in relationship between religious practices and mental health of university students. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(5), 2458–2468.
Thiessen, J., Wilkins-Laflamme, S. (2017). Becoming a religious none: Irreligious socialization and disaffiliation. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 56(1), 64–82.
Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Basil Blackwell.
Unterrainer, H. F., Lewis, A. J., Fink, A. (2014). Religious/spiritual well-being, personality and mental health: A review of results and conceptual issues. Journal of Religion and Health, 53(2), 382–392.
Van Tongeren, D. R., DeWall, C. N. (2021). Disbelief, disengagement, discontinuance, and disaffiliation: An integrative framework for the study of religious deidentification. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000434
Vang, Z. M., Hou, F., Elder, K. (2019). Perceived religious discrimination, religiosity, and life satisfaction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(6), 1913–1932.
Villani, D., Sorgente, A., Iannello, P., Antonietti, A. (2019). The role of spirituality and religiosity in subjective well-being of individuals with different religious status. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1525.
Wixwat, M., Saucier, G. (2021). Being spiritual but not religious. Current Opinion in Psychology, 40, 121–125.
Yeniaras, V., Akarsu, T. N. (2017). Religiosity and life satisfaction: A multi-dimensional approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18(6), 1815–1840.
Zahoor, N., Khattak, A. Z., Amjad, M., Shaukat, S., Khanum, U., Raziq, U. (2021). Relationship between religiosity and Life satisfaction in undergraduate students at Kohat University of Science & Technology KPK Pakistan. Journal of Professional and Applied Psychology, 2(1), 36–42.
Zuckerman, P. (2007). Atheism: Contemporary numbers and patterns. In M. Martin (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to atheism (pp. 47–65). Cambridge University Press.
Abdel-Khalek A.M. Subjective well-being and religiosity: A cross-sectional study with adolescents, young and middle-age adults // Mental Health, Religion and Culture. 2012. Vol.15, №1. P.39–52.
Abdel-Khalek A., Lester D. Mental health, subjective well-being, and religiosity: Significant associations in Kuwait and USA // Journal of Muslim Mental Health. 2013. Vol.7, №2. P.63–76.
Acevedo G., Shah S. Sectarian affiliation and gender traditionalism: A study of Sunni and Shi’a Muslims in four predominantly Muslim countries // Sociology of Islam. 2015. Vol.3. P.1-29.
Allport G.W., Ross J.M. Personal religious orientation and prejudice // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1967. Vol.5, №4. P.432–443.
Alvi S.M., Tahir M., Bano S. (2021). Religious orientation, spirituality, and life satisfaction: A gendered perspective // Global Social Sciences Review. 2021. Vol.VI, №I. P.120–129.
Burnett D.W. Religion, personality, and clinical assessment // Journal of Religion and Health. 1979. Vol.18, №4. P.308–312.
Vaus D., McAllister I. Gender Differences in Religion: A Test of the Structural Location Theory // American Sociological Review. 1987. Vol.52, №4. P.472–481.
Habib D.G., Donald C., Hutchinson G. (2018). Religion and life satisfaction: A correlational study of undergraduate students in Trinidad // Journal of Religion and Health. 2018. Vol.57, №4. P.1567–1580.
Heft J.L., Stets J.E. (Eds.). Empty Churches: Non-affiliation in America (1st ed.). Oxford University Press, 2021. 352p.
Heidemarie W. Religious cultures and gender cultures: tracing gender differences across religious cultures // Journal of Contemporary Religion. 2019. Vol.34, №2. P.241-251.
Huber S., Huber O.W. The Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS) // Religions. 2012. Vol.3, №3. P.710-724.
Huber, S., Ackert, M., Scheiblich, H. (2020). Religiosität in unterschiedlichen Religionskulturen – Vergleiche auf der Basis der Centrality of Religiosity Scale. cultura & psyché, 1(1-2), S. 171-185. Springer Nature Switzerland 10.1007/s43638-020-00007-3.
Kelland M. Personality theory. 2017. Retrieved from: https://oercommons.org/authoring/22859-personality-theory/7/view
Koenig H.G. (2008). Religion and mental health: What should psychiatrists do? // Psychiatric Bulletin. 2008. Vol.32, №6. P.201–203.
Li A.Y.C., Liu J.K.K. Effects of intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity on well-being through meaning in life and its gender difference among adolescents in Hong Kong: A mediation study // Curr Psychol. 2021. Vol.42, P.7171–7181.
Munawar K., Tariq O. Exploring relationship between spiritual intelligence, religiosity and life satisfaction among elderly Pakistani Muslims // Journal of Religion and Health. 2018. Vol.57, №3. P.781–795.
Ngamaba K.H., Soni D. Are happiness and life satisfaction different across religious groups? Exploring determinants of happiness and life satisfaction // Journal of Religion and Health. 2018. Vol.57, №6. P.2118–2139.
Perveen A., Mehmood B., Yasin M.G. Materialism and life satisfaction in Muslim youth: Role of gratitude and religiosity // Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research. 2017. Vol.32, №1. P.763–771.
Reitz A.K., Asendorpf J.B., Motti-Stefanidi F. When do immigrant adolescents feel personally discriminated against? Longitudinal effects of peer preference // International Journal of Behavioral Development. 2015. Vol.39, №3. P.197–209.
Roberto A., Sellon A., Cherry S.T., Hunter-Jones J., Winslow H. Impact of spirituality on resilience and coping during the COVID-19 crisis: A mixed-method approach investigating the impact on women // Health Care for Women International. 2020. Vol.41, №11–12. P.1313–1334.
Saryglar S.A., Shakhova E.V., Borisova O.V. Social Isolation and Demographic Problems of Border Territories: Theoretical Analysis and Application in Migration Studies // Advances in Natural, Human-Made, and Coupled Human-Natural Systems Research. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems. 2023. Vol.234. Springer, Cham.
Stark R., Glock C.Y. American piety: The nature of religious commitment (Vol. 1). University of California Press, 1968. 230 p.
Sultan S., Kanwal F., Hussain I. (2020). Moderating effects of personality traits in relationship between religious practices and mental health of university students // Journal of Religion and Health. 2020. Vol.59, №5. P.2458–2468.
Thiessen J., Wilkins-Laflamme S. Becoming a religious none: Irreligious socialization and disaffiliation // Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 2017. Vol.56, №1. P.64–82.
Turner J.C., Hogg M.A., Oakes P.J., Reicher S.D., Wetherell M.S. Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Basil Blackwell, 1987.
Unterrainer H.F., Lewis A.J., Fink A. Religious/spiritual well-being, personality and mental health: A review of results and conceptual issues //. Journal of Religion and Health. 2014. Vol.53, №2. P.382–392.
Van Tongeren D.R., DeWall C.N. Disbelief, disengagement, discontinuance, and disaffiliation: An integrative framework for the study of religious deidentification // Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. Advance online publication. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000434
Vang Z.M., Hou F., Elder K. Perceived religious discrimination, religiosity, and life satisfaction // Journal of Happiness Studies. 2019. Vol.20, №6. P.1913–1932.
Villani D., Sorgente A., Iannello P., Antonietti A. The role of spirituality and religiosity in subjective well-being of individuals with different religious status // Frontiers in Psychology. 2019. Vol.10. P.1525.
Wixwat M., Saucier G. (2021). Being spiritual but not religiou // Current Opinion in Psychology. 2021. Vol.40. P.121–125.
Yeniaras V., Akarsu T.N. Religiosity and life satisfaction: A multi-dimensional approach // Journal of Happiness Studies. 2017. Vol.18, №6. P.1815–1840.
Zahoor N., Khattak A.Z., Amjad M., Shaukat S., Khanum U., Raziq U. Relationship between religiosity and Life satisfaction in undergraduate students at Kohat University of Science & Technology KPK Pakistan // Journal of Professional and Applied Psychology. 2021. Vol.2, №1. P.36–42.
Zuckerman, P. Atheism: Contemporary numbers and patterns. In M. Martin (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to atheism. Cambridge University Press, 2007. pp.47–65.
References
Omelchenko, D.A., Maximova, S.G., Noyanzina, O.Ye. (2023). Mental representations of religiousness in the mirror of psychosemantic measurement: regional facets. Society and Security Insights, 6(1), 32–55. doi: 10.14258/ssi(2023)1-02 (In Russ.).
Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2012). Subjective well-being and religiosity: A cross-sectional study with adolescents, young and middle-age adults. Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 15(1), 39–52.
Abdel-Khalek, A., Lester, D. (2013). Mental health, subjective well-being, and religiosity: Significant associations in Kuwait and USA. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 7(2), 63–76.
Acevedo, G., Shah, S. (2015). Sectarian affiliation and gender traditionalism: A study of Sunni and Shi’a Muslims in four predominantly Muslim countries. Sociology of Islam, 3, 1-29.
Allport, G. W., Ross, J. M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5(4), 432–443.
Alvi, S. M., Tahir, M., Bano, S. (2021). Religious orientation, spirituality, and life satisfaction: A gendered perspective. Global Social Sciences Review, VI(I), 120–129.
Burnett, D. W. (1979). Religion, personality, and clinical assessment. Journal of Religion and Health, 18(4), 308–312.
Vaus, D., McAllister, I. (1987). Gender Differences in Religion: A Test of the Structural Location Theory. American Sociological Review, 52(4), 472–481.
Habib, D. G., Donald, C., Hutchinson, G. (2018). Religion and life satisfaction: A correlational study of undergraduate students in Trinidad. Journal of Religion and Health, 57(4), 1567–1580.
Heft, J. L., Stets, J. E. (Eds.). (2021). Empty Churches: Non-affiliation in America (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
Heidemarie, W. (2019). Religious cultures and gender cultures: tracing gender differences across religious cultures. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 34(2), 241-251.
Huber, S., Huber, O.W. (2012). The Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS). Religions, 3(3), 710-724.
Huber, S., Ackert, M., Scheiblich, H. (2020). Religiosität in unterschiedlichen Religionskulturen – Vergleiche auf der Basis der Centrality of Religiosity Scale. cultura & psyché, 1(1-2), S. 171-185. Springer Nature Switzerland 10.1007/s43638-020-00007-3.
Kelland, M. (2017). Personality theory. Retrieved from: https://oercommons.org/authoring/22859-personality-theory/7/view
Koenig, H. G. (2008). Religion and mental health: What should psychiatrists do? Psychiatric Bulletin, 32(6), 201–203.
Li, A.Y.C., Liu, J.K.K. (2021). Effects of intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity on well-being through meaning in life and its gender difference among adolescents in Hong Kong: A mediation study. Curr Psychol, 42, 7171–7181.
Munawar, K., Tariq, O. (2018). Exploring relationship between spiritual intelligence, religiosity and life satisfaction among elderly Pakistani Muslims. Journal of Religion and Health, 57(3), 781–795.
Ngamaba, K. H., Soni, D. (2018). Are happiness and life satisfaction different across religious groups? Exploring determinants of happiness and life satisfaction. Journal of Religion and Health, 57(6), 2118–2139.
Perveen, A., Mehmood, B., Yasin, M. G. (2017). Materialism and life satisfaction in Muslim youth: Role of gratitude and religiosity. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 32(1).
Reitz, A. K., Asendorpf, J. B., Motti-Stefanidi, F. (2015). When do immigrant adolescents feel personally discriminated against? Longitudinal effects of peer preference. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 39(3), 197–209.
Roberto, A., Sellon, A., Cherry, S. T., Hunter-Jones, J., Winslow, H. (2020). Impact of spirituality on resilience and coping during the COVID-19 crisis: A mixed-method approach investigating the impact on women. Health Care for Women International, 41(11–12), 1313–1334.
Saryglar, S.A., Shakhova, E.V., Borisova, O.V. (2023). Social Isolation and Demographic Problems of Border Territories: Theoretical Analysis and Application in Migration Studies. In: Maximova, S.G., Raikin, R.I., Chibilev, A.A., Silantyeva, M.M. (eds) Advances in Natural, Human-Made, and Coupled Human-Natural Systems Research. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 234. Springer, Cham.
Stark, R., Glock, C. Y. (1968). American piety: The nature of religious commitment (Vol. 1). University of California Press.
Sultan, S., Kanwal, F., Hussain, I. (2020). Moderating effects of personality traits in relationship between religious practices and mental health of university students. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(5), 2458–2468.
Thiessen, J., Wilkins-Laflamme, S. (2017). Becoming a religious none: Irreligious socialization and disaffiliation. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 56(1), 64–82.
Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Basil Blackwell.
Unterrainer, H. F., Lewis, A. J., Fink, A. (2014). Religious/spiritual well-being, personality and mental health: A review of results and conceptual issues. Journal of Religion and Health, 53(2), 382–392.
Van Tongeren, D. R., DeWall, C. N. (2021). Disbelief, disengagement, discontinuance, and disaffiliation: An integrative framework for the study of religious deidentification. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000434
Vang, Z. M., Hou, F., Elder, K. (2019). Perceived religious discrimination, religiosity, and life satisfaction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 20(6), 1913–1932.
Villani, D., Sorgente, A., Iannello, P., Antonietti, A. (2019). The role of spirituality and religiosity in subjective well-being of individuals with different religious status. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1525.
Wixwat, M., Saucier, G. (2021). Being spiritual but not religious. Current Opinion in Psychology, 40, 121–125.
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