ARCHAEOLOGY OF TATARSTAN IN SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF E.P. KAZAKOV. TO THE 90TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE SCIENTIST
Abstract
The article summarizes the materials on the scientific work of the oldest archaeologist of Tatarstan — Evgeny Petrovich Kazakov. The scientist’s work is extremely multifaceted. He studied archaeological sites of almost all eras: from the Stone Age to the 18th–19th centuries. Evgeny Petrovich began to study archaeology in his student years, taking part in excavations and exploratory research of his first teachers — V.F. Gening and A.Kh. Khalikov in the early 1960s, he independently conducted excavations at complex archaeological sites — the Turaevo burial mounds of the 5th century AD, as well as at the Tankeevo burial ground of the 9th–10th centuries. During the same years, he worked at the Early Bulgarian Bolshe-Tarkhan burial ground of the 8th–9th centuries, and at numerous other archaeological sites. During his student years, the main areas of scientific activity of E.P. Kazakov were formed. For the scientist, the determining research direction for several decades was the topic of the arrival of the Bulgar tribes in the Volga-Kama region, their sedentarization and the formation of a settled, agricultural culture of the Volga Bulgaria. The main object for researching this problem were the Tankeevo burial ground and, a little later, the Izmery-I and Semenovo-I–IV settlements. These settlements, as E.P. Kazakov established, were trade and craft centers of the Bulgars from the middle of the 10th century to the middle of the 11a century. The materials of these settlements, which E.P. Kazakov identified as an independent “Izmery period”, connected two archaeological and historical periods of the Volga Bulgars. The first — early Bulgarian, pre-state, pagan — was associated with the nomadic nature of the life and activities of the Bulgar newcomers. The second period is characterized by the state culture of Volga Bulgaria, in which the agricultural tradition prevailed and the main burial rite became Muslim, displacing pagan traditions in the area of funeral rituals. In this complex picture of ethnogenetic processes, E.P. Kazakov revealed the significant influence of the Ugric population, which was an integral part of the forming population of Volga Bulgaria. Thus, thanks to the research of E.P. Kazakov, the patriarch of Kazan archaeology, a unified concept of the development of ethnocultural and ethnogenetic processes in the Volga-Kama region from the moment people appeared in the Kazan Volga region in the Paleolithic era and up to the New Time was formed. Evgeny Petrovich claims that the basis for the formation of the population in the Middle Volga and the Urals were migration processes, which as a system-forming phenomenon ended only in the 16th–17th centuries.
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