Infectious diseases of indigenous peoples of Eastern Siberia in the 19th — early 20th centuries: sources of spread and main control measures

Abstract

The authors of this article investigate the sources of infectious disease spread among the indigenous ethnic groups of Eastern Siberia, examining the epidemiological factors that threaten the survival of these populations. They analyze measures implemented to combat diseases such as smallpox, syphilis, and leprosy among foreigners in the region. The first records of diseases capable of causing mass fatalities among non-indigenous populations date back to the late 18th century. For many years, smallpox remained a primary focus for infection prevention. It wasn't until the second half of the 19th century that other infectious diseases began to be acknowledged as significant medical and social threats. During this period, proactive measures against the spread of infections included efforts to establish hospitals and provide medical care to the foreign population. In Eastern Siberia, the progressive segment of the medical community took the initiative to eradicate the sources of «contagious» diseases. They recognized the severe social implications of spreading illnesses like syphilis, leprosy, and diphtheria, viewing them as critical factors contributing to the degeneration of populations in foreign settlements. By the end of the first decade of the 20th century, the prevalence of infectious diseases began to converge between the foreign and Russian populations. This shift was facilitated by enhanced control over the yasak population, the extension of medical and sanitary measures to non-Russian communities, the integration of nomadic foreigners into sedentary lifestyles, and structural changes in public health initiatives across Eastern Siberia.