Distribution of finds as a reflection of natural and cultural processes (evidence from archaeological horizon 4 of the Tolbor-4 site, Northern Mongolia)

Abstract

The aim of this article is to reconstruct the nature of human activity at the Tolbor-4 site during the final stages of the Early Upper Paleolithic based on materials from Archaeological Horizon 4, as well as to determine the degree of deformation of the horizon by natural processes. The primary source of this research is the spatial data (i. e., coordinates) of finds

recovered during the 2005 excavations. Statistical methods are used to identify patterns in the distribution of finds, which are interpreted in conjunction with the results of artifact collection analysis and stratigraphic and lithological data. The kernel density estimation method is employed to create visual density distribution maps of the finds. Two clustering algorithms are used to study the distribution of different categories of finds (cores, tools, etc.).

As a result, spatial structures were identified in part of the studied area, formed by slope displacement and represented by concentrations of small and larger finds aligned perpendicular to the slope, alternating with empty areas of similar shapes. The northern and southwestern parts of the excavation are identified as less disturbed, preserving traces of spatially organized human activity, including tool use (northern section) and operations combined with tool-related activities (southwestern section). Available data suggest an increasing intensity of human occupation at the site from the initial to the final Early Upper Paleolithic.